Mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors, methods of making, and methods of use thereof

ABSTRACT

Compounds that inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are disclosed. Some inhibitor compounds specifically target a single MAPK such as MAPK13, while others target multiple MAPKs such as MAPK13 and MAPK12. The compounds can be used therapeutically for a variety of diseases, including cancer and respiratory diseases. Methods of synthesis of the compounds are also disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/059,251 having a filing date of Nov. 26, 2020, which is a national phase of PCT patent application PCT/US2019/034751 having an International filing date of 30 May 2019, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 62/677,741 filed 30 May 2018, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with government support under HL123429, HL145242, and HL149523 awarded by National Institutes of Health and W81XWH-20-1-0603 awarded by the ARMY/MRMC. The government has certain rights in the invention.

INTRODUCTION

The present disclosure relates to inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including inhibitors which target individual kinases such as MAPK13 with high specificity, and inhibitors with broader specificity, i.e., inhibit multiple MAPKs, such as inhibitors which target a combination of MAPK13 and MAPK14, MAPK13 AND MAPK12, and inhibitors which target a combination of MAPK 11, MAPK12, MAPK13 and MAPK14.

U.S. Pat. No. 9,187,470 to Holtzman et al. discloses inhibitors of MAPK13. However, the compounds do not always have the desired effectiveness or selectivity.

SUMMARY

The present inventors disclose compounds that inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). In some embodiments, a compound can exhibit high specificity for an individual MAPK, such as, for example, an inhibitor can specifically target MAPK13. In some embodiments, a compound can target multiple MAPKs, such as, for example, MAPK11, MAPK12, MAPK13 and MAPK14, or a combined inhibitor targeting MAPK13 and MAPK14 or MAPK13 and MAPK12. Inhibitors of the present teachings are disclosed in Table 1; some inhibitory properties are disclosed in Table 2.

In various embodiments, the present inventors disclose compounds having a structure of Formula I as set forth below, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, solvates thereof, polymorphs thereof, tautomers thereof, stereoisomers thereof, and prodrugs thereof.

In some embodiments, Compounds of Formula I can have a structure

wherein A can be selected from the group consisting of H and —NH(CO)R²;

R² can be selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocycylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OR³ and NR⁴R⁴;

R³ can be selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl and heterocycylalkyl;

each R⁴ can be independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl and heterocyclylalkyl, or the two R⁴ can be taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring with the nitrogen;

J₁ can be selected from the group consisting of —O— and —CH₂— and can be substituted at position 3 or 4 on the pyridine;

G₁ can be a 5-member heteroaromatic ring wherein each of L₁, L₂ and L₃ can be independently selected from the group consisting of CH, N, O and S;

Z₁ and Z₂ can each be independently selected from the group consisting of NH, O and CH₂, with the proviso that at least one of Z₁ and Z₂ can be NH;

G₂ can be an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring selected from the group consisting of

(i) a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring selected from the group consisting of pyrazole, oxazole, isoxazole, imidazole and oxadiazole; and

(ii) a 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring selected from the group consisting of benzene, pyridine and pyrimidine;

E₁ can be selected from the group consisting of CH, CR¹, N and NR¹ when G₂ is a 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, or E₁ can be selected from the group consisting of CH, CR¹, N, NR¹, and O when G₂ is a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring;

E₂ can be selected from the group consisting of CH, N and O when G₂ is a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring, or E₂ can be selected from the group consisting of CH—CH and CH—N when G₂ is a 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring;

E₃ can be selected from the group consisting of C and N;

E₄ can be selected from the group consisting of CH, N and O when G₂ is a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring, or E₄ can be selected from CH and N when G₂ is a 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring;

M₁ can be selected from the group consisting of C and Si, provided that when M₁ is Si, each of M₂ and M₃ can be methyl and X can be absent;

each of M₂ and M₃ can be selected from the group consisting of CH₃, CH₂ and H;

X can be selected from the group consisting of CH₂, O and S, or is absent, wherein if each of M₁, M₂ and M₃ is C, and X is CH₂, O or S, then M₁, M₂, M₃ and X together form a 4-member ring, or if each of M₁, M₂ and M₃ is C, and X absent, then M₁, M₂, M₃ together form a 3-member ring;

R¹ can be selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈ alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl;

R⁶ can be selected from the group consisting of H and C₁₋₈ alkyl, provided that when M₁ is Si, R⁶ is methyl.

In various aspects of formula I, ring G₁ can be selected from the group consisting of a thiazole, a pyrazole, an oxazole, an isoxazole, and an imidazole.

In various aspects of formula I, R¹ can be selected from the group consisting of H, phenyl, 4-tolyl, halophenyl, 2-cyclopropylmethyl and C₁₋₈ alkyl.

In various aspects of formula I, the C₁₋₈ alkyl of R⁶ can be methyl.

In various aspects of formula I, M₁ can be CH, M₂ can be CH₃, M₃ can be CH₃, and R⁶ can be absent.

In various aspects of formula I, if G₂ is a benzene ring and E₁ is a halogen, then the combination of G₂ and E₁ can be selected from the group consisting of 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl and 4-fluorophenyl.

In various aspects of formula I, ring G₂ can be a pyrazole.

In various aspects, some non-limiting examples of compounds of formula I comprising a pyrazole moiety include:

In various aspects of formula I, some non-limiting examples of compounds comprising a pyrazole moiety include

In various aspects of formula I, ring G₂ can be an oxazole.

In some configurations, a compound of formula I can be

In various aspects, non-limiting examples of compounds of formula I comprising an oxazole moiety include:

In various aspects of formula I, ring G₂ can be a 6-membered aromatic ring.

In various aspects, non-limiting examples of compounds of formula I comprising a 6-member aromatic ring for G₂ include:

In various embodiments, the present inventors disclose compounds having a structure of Formula II as set forth below, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, solvates thereof, polymorphs thereof, tautomers thereof, stereoisomers thereof, and prodrugs thereof.

In some embodiments, Compounds of Formula II can have a structure

wherein A can be selected from the group consisting of H and —NH(CO)R²;

R² can be selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocycylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OR³ and NR⁴R⁴;

R³ can be selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl and heterocycylalkyl;

each R⁴ can be independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl and heterocyclylalkyl, or the two R⁴ can be taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring with the nitrogen;

J₁ and J₂ together can be selected from the group consisting of —CH₂—CH₂—, —CH₂—O— and —O—CH₂—, wherein J₁ can be substituted at position 3 or 4 on the pyridine and J₂ can be substituted on ring G₃ at position 1 or 2;

G₃ can be a 6-member aromatic or heteroaromatic ring;

each of R, L₂ and L₃ can be independently selected from the group consisting of carbon and nitrogen;

R⁵ can be selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl, and cyclopropyl;

G₄ can be an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring selected from the group consisting of

(i) a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring selected from the group consisting of pyrazole, oxazole, isoxazole, imidazole and oxadiazole, and

(ii) a 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring selected from the group consisting of benzene, pyridine and pyrimidine;

E₁ can be selected from the group consisting of C, N and O when G₄ is a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring, or E₁ can be selected from the group consisting of C and N when G₄ is a 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring;

E₂ can be selected from the group consisting of CH, N and O when G₄ is a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring, or E₂ can be selected from the group consisting of CH—CH and CH—N when G₄ is a 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring;

E₃ can be selected from the group consisting of C and N;

E₄ can be selected from the group consisting of CH, N and O when G₄ is a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring, or E₄ can be selected from the group consisting of CH and N when G₄ is a 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring;

R¹ can be selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈ alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and halogen, or can be absent, with provisos that when E₁ is O then R¹ is absent and when R¹ is a halogen then E₁ is C;

Z₁ and Z₂ can each be independently selected from the group consisting of NH, O and CH₂, with the proviso that at least one of Z₁ and Z₂ is NH;

M₁ can be selected from the group consisting of C and Si, provided that when M₁ is Si, each of M₂ and M₃ is methyl and X is absent;

each of M₂ and M₃ can be selected from the group consisting of CH₃, CH₂ and H;

X can be selected from the group consisting of CH₂, O and S, or can be absent, wherein if each of M₁, M₂ and M₃ is C, and X is CH₂, O or S, then M₁, M₂, M₃ and X together form a 4-member ring, or if each of M₁, M₂ and M₃ is C, and X absent, then M₁, M₂, M₃ together form a 3-member ring;

R¹ can be selected from the group consisting of H, phenyl, 4-tolyl, halophenyl, 2-cyclopropylmethyl, C₁₋₈ alkyl

R⁶ can be selected from the group consisting of H and C₁₋₈ alkyl, provided that when M₁ is Si, R⁶ is methyl.

In various aspects of Formula II, ring G₃ can be selected from the group consisting of benzene, pyridine and pyrimidine.

In various aspects of Formula II, each of Z₁ and Z₂ can be NH.

In various aspects of Formula II, R₅ can be F.

In various aspects of Formula II, a halogen can be ortho- to Z₁.

In various aspects, non-limiting examples of compounds of formula II include

In various embodiments, the present inventors disclose compounds having a structure of Formula III as set forth below, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, solvates thereof, polymorphs thereof, tautomers thereof, stereoisomers thereof, and prodrugs thereof.

In some embodiments, Compounds of Formula III can have a structure

wherein A can be selected from the group consisting of H and —NH(CO)R²;

R² can be selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocycylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OR³ and NR⁴R⁴;

R³ can be selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl and heterocycylalkyl;

each R⁴ can be independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocyclyl and heterocyclylalkyl, or the two R⁴ are taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring with the nitrogen;

the oxygen linker can be substituted on the pyridine at position 3 or 4 and on ring G₃ at position 1 or 2;

G₃ can be a 6-member aromatic or heteroaromatic ring;

each of R, L₂ and L₃ can be independently selected from the group consisting of carbon and nitrogen;

R⁵ can be selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl, and cyclopropyl;

Z₁ and Z₂ can each be independently selected from the group consisting of NH, O and CH₂, with the proviso that at least one of Z₁ and Z₂ is NH;

G₄ can be an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring selected from the group consisting of

(i) a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring selected from the group consisting of pyrazole, oxazole, isoxazole, imidazole and oxadiazole, and

(ii) a 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring selected from the group consisting of benzene, pyridine and pyrimidine;

E₁ can be selected from the group consisting of C, N and O when G₄ is a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring, or E₁ can be selected from the group consisting of C and N when G₄ is a 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring;

E₂ can be selected from the group consisting of CH, N and O when G₄ is a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring, or E₂ can be selected from the group consisting of CH—CH and CH—N when G₄ is a 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring;

E₃ can be selected from the group consisting of C and N;

E₄ can be selected from the group consisting of CH, N and O when G₄ is a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring, or E₄ can be selected from CH and N when G₂ is a 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring;

R¹ can be selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈ alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and halogen, or can be absent, with provisos that when E₁ is O then R¹ is absent and when R¹ is a halogen then E₁ is C;

M₁ can be selected from the group consisting of C and Si, provided that when M₁ is Si, each of M₂ and M₃ is methyl and X is absent;

each of M₂ and M₃ can be selected from the group consisting of CH₃, CH₂ and H;

X can be selected from the group consisting of CH₂, O and S, or can be absent, wherein if each of M₁, M₂ and M₃ is C, and X is CH₂, O or S, then M₁, M₂, M₃ and X together form a 4-member ring, or if each of M₁, M₂ and M₃ is C, and X absent, then M₁, M₂, M₃ together form a 3-member ring;

R⁶ can be selected from the group consisting of H and C₁₋₈ alkyl, provided that when M₁ is Si, R⁶ is methyl.

In various aspects of Formula III, ring G₃ can be selected from the group consisting of benzene, pyridine and pyrimidine.

In various aspects of Formula III, R¹ can be selected from the group consisting of H, phenyl, 4-tolyl, halophenyl, 2-cyclopropylmethyl and C₁₋₈ alkyl.

In various aspects of Formula III, each of Z₁ and Z₂ can be NH.

In various aspects of Formula III, R⁵ can be fluorine.

In various aspects of Formula III, a halogen can be ortho- to Z₁.

In various aspects, non-limiting examples of compounds of formula III include

In various aspects, a compound of the present teachings can include, without limitation, 1-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-3-[5-(2-pyridin-4-yl-ethyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-urea, 1-[5-(3-Methyl-oxetan-3-yl)-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-[5-(2-pyridin-4-yl-ethyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-urea, 1-{5-[2-(2-Amino-pyridin-4-yl)-ethyl]-thiazol-2-yl}-3-(5-tert-butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-urea, 1-[5-(3-Methyl-thietan-3-yl)-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-[5-(2-pyridin-4-yl-ethyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-urea, [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-carbamic acid benzyl ester, N-[4-[2-[2-[[5-tert-butyl-2-(p-tolyl)pyrazol-3-yl]carbamoylamino]thiazol-5-yl]ethyl]-2-pyridyl]-2-methoxy-acetamide, N-[4-[2-[2-[[5-tert-butyl-2-(p-tolyl)pyrazol-3-yl]carbamoylamino]thiazol-5-yl]ethyl]-2-pyridyl]acetamide, N-[4-[2-[2-[[5-tert-butyl-2-(p-tolyl)pyrazol-3-yl]carbamoylamino]thiazol-5-yl]ethyl]-2-pyridyl]-3-methoxy-propanamide, 1-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-3-ethyl-urea, [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-carbamic acid methyl ester, [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-2-hydroxy-acetamide, Tetrahydro-pyran-4-carboxylic acid [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide, 1-[5-tert-Butyl-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-[5-(2-pyridin-4-yl-ethyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-urea, 1-[5-tert-Butyl-2-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-[5-(2-pyridin-4-yl-ethyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-urea, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-propionamide, 1-{5-[2-(2-Amino-pyridin-4-yl)-ethyl]-thiazol-2-yl}-3-[5-tert-butyl-2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-urea, N-{4-[2-(2-{3-[5-tert-Butyl-2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-ureido}-thiazol-5-yl)-ethyl]-pyridin-2-yl}-acetamide, N-[4-(3-{3-[5-tert-Butyl-2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-ureidomethylsulfanyl}-propyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-2-hydroxy-acetamide, 1-{5-[2-(2-Amino-pyridin-4-yl)-ethyl]-thiazol-2-yl}-3-[5-tert-butyl-2-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-urea, N-{4-[2-(2-{3-[5-tert-Butyl-2-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-ureido}-thiazol-5-yl)-ethyl]-pyridin-2-yl}-acetamide, N-[4-[2-[2-[[5-tert-butyl-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]carbamoylamino]thiazol-5-yl]ethyl]-2-pyridyl]-2-hydroxy-acetamide, 1-{5-[2-(2-Amino-pyridin-4-yl)-ethyl]-thiazol-2-yl}-3-(5-tert-butyl-2-cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-urea, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-2-hydroxy-acetamide, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-isobutyramide, Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide, Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-isobutyramide, Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2-cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide, [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester, [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester, Pyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide, Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2-cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide, 1-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-3-ethyl-urea, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-2-methoxy-acetamide, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-3-methoxy-propionamide, 1-{5-[2-(2-Amino-pyridin-4-yl)-ethyl]-thiazol-2-yl}-3-(5-tert-butyl-2-methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-urea, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2-methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-2-hydroxy-acetamide, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-isobutyramide, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-2-methoxy-acetamide, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-3-methoxy-propionamide, 1-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-3-ethyl-urea, Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2-methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide, [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester, [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester, Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4-(2-{2-[3-(3-tert-butyl-phenyl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide, [4-(2-{2-[3-(2-Fluoro-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(2-Fluoro-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester, 1-{5-[2-(2-Amino-pyridin-4-yl)-ethyl]-thiazol-2-yl}-3-(5-tert-butyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-urea, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, 1-{5-[2-(2-Amino-pyridin-4-yl)-ethyl]-thiazol-2-yl}-3-(5-tert-butyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-urea, Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide, Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-butyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-chloro-phenyl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(3-tert-Butyl-isoxazol-5-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(3-tert-Butyl-phenyl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, N-{4-[2-(2-{3-[5-tert-Butyl-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-ureido}-thiazol-5-yl)-ethyl]-pyridin-2-yl}-acetamide, N-{4-[2-(2-{3-[5-(3-Methyl-oxetan-3-yl)-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-ureido}-thiazol-5-yl)-ethyl]-pyridin-2-yl}-acetamide, 1-(3-tert-Butyl-isoxazol-5-yl)-3-[5-(2-pyridin-4-yl-ethyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-urea, 1-(5-tert-Butyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-3-[5-(2-pyridin-4-yl-ethyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-urea, 1-(5-tert-Butyl-2-chloro-phenyl)-3-[5-(2-pyridin-4-yl-ethyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-urea, 1-(5-tert-Butyl-2-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-3-[5-(2-pyridin-4-yl-ethyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-urea, N-[4-[2-[2-[[5-tert-butyl-2-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]carbamoylamino]thiazol-5-yl]ethyl]-2-pyridyl]cyclopropanecarboxamide, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-Cyclopropyl-2-fluoro-phenyl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(2-Fluoro-5-trimethylsilanyl-phenyl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, N-{4-[2-(2-{3-[2-Fluoro-5-(1-methyl-cyclopropyl)-phenyl]-ureido}-thiazol-5-yl)-ethyl]-pyridin-2-yl}-acetamide, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(2-Chloro-5-cyclopropyl-phenyl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(2-Fluoro-5-oxetan-3-yl-phenyl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, [4-(2-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-carbamic acid methyl ester, [4-(2-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-carbamic acid methyl ester, {4-[2-(4-{3-[5-tert-Butyl-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-ureido}-3-fluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-pyridin-2-yl}-carbamic acid methyl ester, {4-[2-(4-{3-[5-tert-Butyl-2-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-ureido}-3-fluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-pyridin-2-yl}-carbamic acid methyl ester, N-[4-(2-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, N-[4-(2-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, N-[4-(2-{4-[3-(3-tert-Butyl-isoxazol-5-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, N-[4-(2-{3-Fluoro-4-[3-(2-fluoro-5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ureido]-phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, N-[4-(2-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, N-[4-(2-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, N-[4-(2-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4-(2-{4-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2-cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide, Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4-(2-{4-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2-methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide, Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4-(2-{4-[3-(3-tert-butyl-isoxazol-5-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide, Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4-(2-{4-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide, Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4-(2-{4-[3-(3-tert-butyl-phenyl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide, N-[4-(2-{4-[3-(3-tert-Butyl-phenyl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4-(2-{4-[3-(5-tert-butyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide, N-{4-[2-(4-{3-[5-tert-Butyl-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-ureido}-3-fluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-pyridin-2-yl}-acetamide, N-(4-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenoxymethyl}-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide, N-(4-{4-[3-(5-Cyclopropyl-2-fluoro-phenyl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenoxymethyl}-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide, N-[4-(3-Fluoro-4-{3-[2-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-cyclopropyl)-phenyl]-ureido}-phenoxymethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, N-(4-{3-Fluoro-4-[3-(2-fluoro-5-trimethylsilanyl-phenyl)-ureido]-phenoxymethyl}-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide, N-(4-{4-[3-(2-Chloro-5-cyclopropyl-phenyl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenoxymethyl}-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide, N-(4-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenoxymethyl}-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide, N-(4-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-chloro-phenyl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenoxymethyl}-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide, 2-Methoxy-N-[4-(4-{3-[5-(3-methyl-oxetan-3-yl)-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-ureido}-phenoxy)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, 2-Methoxy-N-[4-(4-{3-[5-(3-methyl-thietan-3-yl)-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-ureido}-phenoxy)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, [4-(4-{3-[5-(3-Methyl-oxetan-3-yl)-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-ureido}-phenoxy)-pyridin-2-yl]-carbamic acid methyl ester, [4-(4-{3-[5-(3-Methyl-thietan-3-yl)-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-ureido}-phenoxy)-pyridin-2-yl]-carbamic acid methyl ester, N-[4-[3-fluoro-4-[[5-(3-methyloxetan-3-yl)-2-(p-tolyl)pyrazol-3-yl]carbamoylamino]phenoxy]-2-pyridyl]-2-methoxy-acetamide, N-[4-(3-Fluoro-4-{3-[5-(3-methyl-thietan-3-yl)-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-ureido}-phenoxy)-pyridin-2-yl]-2-methoxy-acetamide, 1-[2-Fluoro-4-(pyridin-4-yloxy)-phenyl]-3-[5-(2-hydroxy-1,1-dimethyl-ethyl)-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-urea, 1-[5-(2-Hydroxy-1,1-dimethyl-ethyl)-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-[4-(pyridin-4-yloxy)-phenyl]-urea, 1-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-3-[2-fluoro-4-(3-methyl-pyridin-4-yloxy)-phenyl]-urea, 1-[5-tert-Butyl-2-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-[2-fluoro-4-(pyridin-4-yloxy)-phenyl]-urea, 1-[4-(2-Amino-pyridin-4-yloxy)-2-fluoro-phenyl]-3-[5-tert-butyl-2-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-urea, 1-[5-tert-butyl-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]-3-[2-fluoro-4-(4-pyridyloxy)phenyl]urea, 1-(5-tert-Butyl-2-cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-3-[2-fluoro-4-(pyridin-4-yloxy)-phenyl]-urea, N-(4-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide, N-(4-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide, N-(4-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide, N-(4-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide, N-(4-{4-[3-(3-tert-Butyl-isoxazol-5-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide, N-(4-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-chloro-phenyl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide, N-(4-{4-[3-(5-Cyclopropyl-2-fluoro-phenyl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide, N-(4-{3-Fluoro-4-[3-(2-fluoro-5-trimethylsilanyl-phenyl)-ureido]-phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide, N-[4-(3-Fluoro-4-{3-[2-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-cyclopropyl)-phenyl]-ureido}-phenoxy)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide, N-(4-{3-Fluoro-4-[3-(2-fluoro-5-oxetan-3-yl-phenyl)-ureido]-phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide, N-(4-{4-[3-(2-Chloro-5-cyclopropyl-phenyl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide, N-(4-{4-[3-(5-Cyclopropyl-2-fluoro-phenyl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-acetamide, N-(4-{4-[3-(5-Cyclopropyl-2-fluoro-phenyl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)-3-methoxy-propionamide, N-(4-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-chloro-phenyl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-acetamide, N-(4-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-chloro-phenyl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)-3-methoxy-propionamide, 1-[4-(2-Amino-pyridin-4-yloxy)-2-fluoro-phenyl]-3-(5-tert-butyl-2-chloro-phenyl)-urea and 1-[4-(4-{3-[2-Chloro-5-(tert-butyl)phenyl]ureido}-3-fluorophenoxy)-2-pyridylamino]-1-ethanone.

In various configurations, a compound of the present teachings can have a structure as set forth in Table 1. In case of a discrepancy between a compound structure and its IUPAC name, the IUPAC name will be considered definitive.

TABLE 1 Analog # IUPAC Chemical Name Chemical Structure 270 1-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H- pyrazol-3-yl)-3-[5-(2-pyridin-4- yl-ethyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-urea

271 1-[5-(3-Methyl-oxetan-2-p- tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-[5-(2- pyridin-4-yl-ethyl)-thiazol-2-yl]- urea

272 1-{5-[2-(2-Amino-pyridin-4-yl)- ethyl]-thiazol-2-yl}-3-[5-tert- butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)- urea

273 1-[5-(3-Methyl-thietan-3-yl)-2-p- tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-[5-(2- pyridin-4-yl-ethyl)-thiazol-2-yl]- urea

277 [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p- tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]- thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- carbamic acid benzyl ester

281 N-[4-[2-[2-[[5-tert-butyl-2-(p- tolyl)pyrazol-3- yl]carbamoylamino]thiazol-5- yl]ethyl]-2-pyridyl]-2-methoxy- aceamide

282 N-[4-[2-[2-[[5-tert-butyl-2-(p- tolyl)pyrazol-3- yl]carbamoylamino]thiazol-5- yl]ethyl]-2-pyridyl]acetamide

283 N-[4-[2-[2-[[5-tert-butyl-2-(p- tolyl)pyrazol-3- yl]carbamoylamino]thiazol-5- yl]ethyl]-2-pyridyl]-3-methoxy- propanamide

284 1-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p- tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]- thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- 3-ethyl-urea

285 [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p- tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]- thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- carbamic acid methyl ester

286 [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p- tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]- thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- carbamic acid ethyl ester

287 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p- tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]- thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- 2-hydroxy-acetamide

288 Tetrahydro-pyran-4-carboxylic acid [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2-p- tolyl-2H-1-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]- thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- amide

302 1-[5-tert-Butyl-2-(4-fluoro- phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-[5-(2- pyridin-4-yl-ethyl)-thiazol-2-yl]- urea

305 1-[5-tert-Butyl-2-(3-fluoro- phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-[5-(2- pyridin-4-yl-ethyl)-thiazol-2-yl]- urea

311 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p- tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]- thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- propionamide

312 1-{5-[2-(2-Amino-pyridin-4-yl)- ethyl]-thiazol-2-yl}-3-[5-tert- butyl-2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2H- pyrazol-3-yl]-urea

313 N-{4-[2-(2-{3-[5-tert-Butyl-2-(4- chloro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]- ureido}-thiazol-5-yl)-ethyl]- pyridin-2-yl}-acetamide

314 N-[4-(3-{3-[5-tert-Butyl-2-(4- chloro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]- ureidomethylmethylsulfanyl}-propyl)- pyridin-2-yl]-2-hydroxy- acetamide

319 1-{5-[2-(2-Amino-pyridin-yl)- ethyl]-thiazol-2-yl}-3-[5-tert- butyl-2-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-2H- pyrazol-3-yl]-urea

320 N-{4-[2-(2-{3-[5-tert-Butyl-2-(3- fluoro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]- ureido}-thiazol-5-yl)-ethyl]- pyridin-2-yl}-acetamide

321 N-[4-[2-[2-[[5-tert-butyl-2-(3- fluoropholyl)pyrazol-3- yl]carbamoylamino]thiazol-5- yl]ethyl]-2-pyridyl]-2-hydroxy- acetamide

322 1-{5-[2-(2-Amino-pyridin-4-yl)- ethyl]-thiazol-2-yl}-3-(5-tert- butyl-2-cyclopropylmethyl-2H- pyrazol-3-yl)-urea

325 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)- pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide

326 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)- pyridin-2-yl]-2-hydroxy- acetamide

330 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p- tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]- thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- isobutyramide

331 Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4- (2-{2-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2-p-tolyl- 2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol- 5-yl}ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide

332 Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid [4-(2- {2-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H- pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5- yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide

333 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)- pyridin-2-yl]-amide

334 Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4- (2-{2-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2- cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)- pyridin-2-yl]-amide

335 [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]- thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- carbamic acid ethyl ester

336 [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)- pyridin-2-yl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester

337 Pyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid [4- (2-{2-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2-p-tolyl- 2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol- 5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide

339 Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid [4-(2- {2-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2- cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)- pyridin-2-yl]-airdde

340 1-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yl)-uredo]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)- pyridin-2-yl]-3-ethyl-urea

341 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)- pyridin-2-yl]-2-methoxy- acetamide

342 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)- pyridin-2-yl]-3-methoxy- propionamide

343 1-{5-[2-(2-Amino-pyridin-4-yl)- ethyl]-thiazol-2-yl}-3-(5-tert- butyl-2-methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)- urea

344 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]- thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- acetamide

345 Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4- (2-{2-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2-methyl- 2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol- 5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide

347 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2H- pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5- yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- acetamide

348 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]- thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- 2-hydroxy-acetamide

349 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]- thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- isobutyramide

350 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]- thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- 2-methoxy-acetamide

351 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]- thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- methoxy-propionamide

352 1-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]- thiazol-5-yl}ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- 3-ethyl-urea

353 Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid [4-(2- {2-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2-methyl-2H- pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5- yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide

354 [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2H- pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5- yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester

355 [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Buty-2- isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)- ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)- pyridin-2-yl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester

356 Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4- (2-{2-[3-(3-tert-butyl-phenyl)- ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)- pyridin-2-yl]-amide

357 [4-(2-{2-[3-(2-Fluoro-5- trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ureido]- thiazol-5yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- carbamic acid ethyl ester

363 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(2-Fluoro-5- trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ureido]- thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- acetamide

364 [4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl- isoxazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5- yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester

365 1-{5-[2-(2-Amine-pyridin-4-yl)- ethyl]-thiazol-2-yl}-3-(5-tert- butyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-urea

366 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl- isoxazol-3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5- yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- acetamide

367 1-{5-[2-(2-Ainino-pyridin-4-yl)- ethyl]-thiazol-2-yl}-3-(5-tert- butyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-urea

368 Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4- (2-{2-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2H-pyrazol- 3-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)- pyridin-2-yl]-amide

369 Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4- (2-{2-[3-(5-tert-butyl-isoxazol-3- yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)- pyridin-2-yl]-amide

380 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- chloro-phenyl)-ureido]-thiazol-5- yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- acetamide

381 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)- ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)- pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide

382 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-tert-Butyl- isoxazol-5-yl)-ureido]-thiazol-5- yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- acetamide

383 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(3-tert-Butyl- phenyl)-ureido]-thiazol-5-yl}- ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide

384 N-{4-[2-(2-{3-[5-tert-Butyl-2-(4- fluoro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]- ureido}-thiazol-5-yl)-ethyl]- pyridin-2-yl}-acetamide

385 N-{4-[2-(2-{3-[5-(3-Methyl- oxetan-3-yl)-2-p-tolyl-2H- pyrazol-3-yl]-ureido}-thiazo-5- yl)-ethyl]-pyridin-2-yl}- acetamide

386 1-(3-tert-Butyl-isoxazol-5-yl)-3- [5-(2-pyridin-4-yl-ethyl)-thiazol- 2-yl]-urea

387 1-(5-tert-Butyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-3- [5-(2-pyridin-4-yl-ethyl)-thiazol- 2-yl]-urea

388 1-(5-tert-Butyl-2-chloro-phenyl)- 3-[5-(2-pyridin-4-yl-thiazol)- thiazol-2-yl]-urea

389 1-(5-tert-Butyl-2-isopropyl-2H- pyrazol-3-yl)-3-[5-(2-pyridin-4- yl-ethyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-urea

390 N-[4-[2-[2-[[5-tert-butyl-2-(4- chlorophenyl)pyrazol-3- yl]carbamoylamino]thiazol-5- yl]ethyl]-2- pyridyl]cyclopropanecarboxamide

398 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(5-Cyclopropyl-2- fluoro-phenyl)-ureido]-thiazol-5- yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- acetamide

400 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(2-Fluoro-5- trimethylsilanyl-phenyl)-ureido]- thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- acetamide

409 N-{4-[2-(2-{3-[2-Fluoro-5-(1- methyl-cyclopropyl)-phenyl]- ureido}-thiazol-5-yl)-ethyl]- pyridin-2-yl}-acetamide

410 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(2-Chloro-5- cyclopropyl-phenyl)-ureido]- thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- acetamide

411 N-[4-(2-{2-[3-(2-Fluoro-5- oxetan-3-yl-phenyl)-ureido]- thiazol-5-yl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- acetamide

315 [4-(2-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p- tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-3- fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2- yl]-carbamic acid methyl ester

316 [4-(2-{4-[3-(5-tet-Butyl-2- cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}- ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-carbamic acid methyl ester

317 {4-[2-(4-{5-tert-Butyl-2-(4- fluoro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]- ureido}-3-fluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]- pyridin-2-yl}-carbamic acid methyl ester

318 {4-[2-(4-{3-[5-tert-Butyl-2-(3- fluoro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]- ureido}-3-fluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]- pyridin-2-yl}-carbamic acid methyl ester

329 N-[4-(2-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p- tolyl-2H-pyrozol-3-yl)-ureido]-3- fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2- yl]-acetamide

358 N-[4-(2-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl- isoxazol-3-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro- phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- acetamide

359 N-[4-(2-{4-[3-(3-tert-Butyl- isoxazol-5-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro- phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]- acetamide

360 N-[4-(2-{3-Fluoro-4-[3-(2-fluoro- 5-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)- ureido]-phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2- yl]-acetamide

361 N-[4-(2-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]- 3-fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin- 2-yl]-acetamide

370 N-[4-(2-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}- ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide

371 N-[4-(2-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)- ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)- pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide

372 Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4- (2-{4-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2- cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}- ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide

373 Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4- (2-{4-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2-methyl- 2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-3- fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)-pyridin-2- yl]-amide

374 Cycloproprinecarboxylic acid [4- (2-{4-[3-(3-tert-butyl-isoxazol-5- yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}- ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide

375 Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4- (2-{4-[3-(5-tert-butyl-2- isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)- ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)- pyridin-2-yl]-amide

376 Cyclopropancearboxylic acid [4- (2-{4-[3-(3-tert-butyl-phenyl)- ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}-ethyl)- pyridin-2-yl]-amide

377 N-[4-(2-{4-[3-(3-tert-Butyl- phenyl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}- ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide

378 Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [4- (2-{4-[3-(5-tert-butyl-isoxazol-3- yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenyl}- ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl]-amide

379 N-{4-[2-(4-{3-[5-tert-Butyl-2-(4- fluoro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]- ureido}-3-fluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]- pyridin-2-yl}-acetamide

402 N-(4-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p- tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]-3- fluoro-phenoxymethyl}-pyridin- 2-yl)-acetamide

403 N-(4-{4-[3-(5-Cyclopropyl-2- fluoro-phenyl)-ureido]-3-fluoro- phenoxymethyl}-pyridin-2-yl)- acetamide

404 N-[4-(3-Fluoro-4-{3-[2-fluro-5- (1-methyl-cyclopropyl)-phenyl]- ureido}-phenoxymethyl)-pyridin- 2-yl]-acetamide

405 N-(4-{3-fluoro-4-[3-(2-fluoro- trimethylsilanyl-phenyl)-ureido]- phenoxymethyl}-pyridin-2-yl)- acetamide

406 N-(4-{4-[3-(2-Chloro-5- cyclopropyl-phenyl)-ureido]-3- fluoro-phenoxymethyl}-pyridin- 2-yl)-acetamide

413 N-(4-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro- phenoxymethyl}-pyridin-2-yl)- acetamide

414 N-(4-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- chloro-phenyl)-ureido]-3-fluoro- phenoxymethyl}-pyridin-2-yl)- acetamide

259 2-Methoxy-N-[4-(4-{3-[5-(3- methyl-oxetan-3-yl)-2-p-tolyl-2H- pyrazol-3-yl]-ureido}-phenoxy)- pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide

260 2-Methoxy-N-[4-(4-{3-[5-(3- methyl-thietan-3-yl)-2-p-tolyl- 2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-ureido}- phenoxy)-pyridin-2-yl]-acetamide

261 [4-(4-{3-[5-(3-Methyl-oxetan-3- yl)-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]- ureido}-phenoxy)-pyridin-2-yl]- carbainic acid methyl ester

262 [4-(4-{3-[5-(3-Methyl-thietan-3- yl)-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]- ureido}-phenoxy)-pyridin-2-yl]- carbamic acid methyl ester

267 N-[4-[3-fluoro-4-[[5-(3- methyloxetan-3-yl)-2-(p- tolyl)pyrazol-3- yl]carbamoylamino]phenoxy]-2- pyridyl]-2-methoxy-acetamide

268 N-[4-(3-fluoro-4-{3-[5-(3- methyl-thietan-3-yl)-2-p-tolyl- 2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-ureido}- phenoxy)-pyridin-2-yl]-2- methoxy-acetamide

279 1-[2-Fluoro-4-(pyridin-4-yloxy)- phenyl]-3-[5-(2-hydroxy-1,1- dimethyl-ethyl)-2-p-tolyl-2H- pyrazol-3-yl]-urea

280 1-[5-(2-Hydroxy-1,1-dimethyl- ethyl)-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]- 3-[4-(pyridin-4-yloxy)-phenyl]- urea

300 1-(5-tert-Butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H- pyrazol-3-yl)-3-[2-fluoro-4-(3- methyl-pyridin-4-yloxy)-phenyl]- urea

303 1-[5-tert-Butyl-2-(4-fluoro- phenyl)-2H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-[2- fluoro-4-(pyridin-4-yloxy)- phenyl]-urea

304 1-[4-(2-Amino-pyridin-4-yloxy)- 2-fluoro-phenyl]-3-[5-tert-butyl- 2-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-2H-pyrazol- 3-yl]-urea

306 1-[5-tert-but yl-2-(3- fluorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]-3-[2- fluoro-4-(4- pyridyloxy)phenyl]urea

310 1-(5-tert-Butyl-2- cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol- yl)-3-[2-fluoro-4-(pyridin-4- yloxy)-phenyl]-urea

391 N-(4-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-ureido]- 3-fluoro-phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)- acetamide

392 N-(4-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- isopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)- ureido]-3-fluoro-phenoxy}- pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide

393 N-(4-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- cyclopropylmethyl-2H-pyrazol-3- yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenoxy}- pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide

394 N-(4-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-isoxazol- 3-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenoxy}- pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide

395 N-(4-{4-[3-(3-tert-Butyl-isoxazol- 5-yl)-ureido]-3-fluoro-phenoxy}- pyridin-2-yl)-acetamide

396 N-(4-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-3- chloro-phenyl)-ureido]-3-fluoro- phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)- acetamide

397 N-(4-{4-[3-(5-Cyclopropyl-2- fluoro-pheny)-ureido]-3-fluoro- phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)- actamde

399 N-(4-{3-Fluoro-4-[3-(2-fluoro-5- trimethylsilanyl-phenyl)-ureido]- phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)- acetamide

407 N-[4-(3-fluro-4-{3-[2-fluoro-5- (1-methyl-cyclopropyl)-phenyl]- ureido}-phenoxy)-pyridin-2-yl]- acetamide

412 N-(4-{3-Fluoro-4-[3-(2-fluoro-5- oxetan-3-yl-phenyl)-ureido]- phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)- acetamide

423 N-(4-{4-[3-(2-Chloro-5- cyclopropyl-phenyl)-ureido]-3- fluoro-phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)- acetamide

424 N-(4-{4-[3-(5-Cyclopropyl-2- fluoro-phenyl)-ureido]-3-fluoro- phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)-2- hydroxy-acetamide

425 N-(4-{4-[3-(5-Cyclopropyl-2- fluoro-phenyl)-ureido]-3-fluoro- phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)-3 methoxypropionamide

426 N-(4-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- chloro-phenyl)-ureido]-3-fluoro- phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)-2- hydroxy-acetamide

427 N-(4-{4-[3-(5-tert-Butyl-2- chloro-phenyl)-ureido]-3-fluoro- phenoxy}-pyridin-2-yl)-3- methoxy-propionamide

428 1-[4-(2-Amino-pyridin-4-yloxy)- 2-fluoro-phenyl]-3-(5-tert-butyl- 2-chloro-phenyl)-urea

408 1-[4-(4-{3-[2-Chloro-5-(tert- butyl)phenyl]ureido}-3- fluorophenoxy)-2-pyridylamino]- 1-ethanone

TABLE 2 Compound Formula MAPK13 MAPK14 # Type inhibition* IC₅₀** 340 I +++ >10,000 354 I +++ >10,000 364 I +++ >10,000 398 I +++ >10,000 400 I +++ >10,000 355 I +++ 8445 356 I +++ 6407 343 I +++ 2464 352 I +++ 2255 383 I +++ 1785 380 I +++ 1735 385 I +++ 1608 322 I +++ 1568 350 I +++ 1504 284 I +++ 1132 348 I +++ 1076 336 I +++ 1031 286 I +++ 780 347 I +++ 720 341 I +++ 704 381 I +++ 692 326 I +++ 676 351 I +++ 611 285 I +++ 527 335 I +++ 514 339 I +++ 477 369 I +++ 453 344 I +++ 414 273 I +++ 313 342 I +++ 312 334 I +++ 299 390 I +++ 294 353 I +++ 294 349 I +++ 270 345 I +++ 267 287 I +++ 262 366 I +++ 251 337 I +++ 243 382 I +++ 236 281 I +++ 232 368 I +++ 225 325 I +++ 221 319 I +++ 210 331 I +++ 202 330 I +++ 201 333 I +++ 200 332 I +++ 193 314 I +++ 181 311 I +++ 148 283 I +++ 139 282 I +++ 129 288 I +++ 114 384 I +++ 90 399 III +++ 83 300 III +++ 67 321 I +++ 67 397 III +++ 62 313 I +++ 52 268 III +++ 40 426 I +++ 40 262 III +++ 37 304 III +++ 36 424 III +++ 28 423 III +++ 24 303 III +++ 23 427 I +++ 21 267 III +++ 19 320 I +++ 18 306 III +++ 17 259 III +++ 15 392 III +++ 12 261 III +++ 11 260 III +++ 11 329 II +++ 7 393 III +++ 7 396 III +++ 7 425 III +++ 7 310 III +++ 6 391 III +++ 6 402 II +++ 5 394 III +++ 5 395 III +++ 4 277 I ++ >10,000 367 I ++ >10,000 387 I ++ 9380 365 I ++ 2100 271 I ++ 1358 386 I ++ 962 312 I ++ 925 316 II ++ 919 373 II ++ 775 302 I ++ 470 270 I ++ 419 305 I ++ 245 379 II ++ 122 280 III ++ 94 279 III ++ 64 405 II ++ 51 413 II ++ 37 414 II ++ 31 357 I + >10,000 388 I + >10,000 360 II + >10,000 376 II + 18260 377 II + 8310 389 I + 3147 372 II + 1999 371 II + 1874 378 II + 1702 375 II + 1377 358 II + 1117 374 II + 1075 370 II + 1068 361 II + 476 359 II + 307 315 II + 171 428 I + 95 363 I not tested 409 I 410 I 411 I 317 II 318 II 403 II 404 II 406 II 407 III 408 III 412 III *+++: <250 nM; ++: 250-1000 nM, +: >1000 nM) **for selectivity *** compared to vehicle control

In some embodiments, the present teachings include uses of the compounds.

In some configurations, the present teachings include methods of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof. The cancer can be, for example, a breast cancer. In various configurations, the methods can comprise administering to a subject in need a therapeutically effective amount of a MAPK13 inhibitor of the present teachings. In some configurations, the methods can comprise administering to a subject in need a therapeutically effective amount of an inhibitor of MAPK13 and at least one other MAPK of the present teachings, such as, without limitation, an inhibitor of MAPK13 and MAPK14.

In some configurations, examples of inhibitors of MAPK13 that can be used to treat cancer can include compounds 340, 354, 364, 398, 400, 355, 356, 343, 352, 383, 380, 385, 322, 350, 284, 348 and 336.

In some configurations, examples of inhibitors of MAPK13 and MAPK14 that can be used to treat cancer can include compounds 286, 347, 341, 381, 326, 351, 285, 335, 339, 369, 344, 273, 342, 334, 390, 353, 349, 345, 287, 366, 337, 382, 281, 368, 325, 319, 331, 330, 333, 332, 314, 311, 283, 282, 288, 384, 399, 300, 321, 397, 313, 268, 426, 262, 304, 424, 423, 303, 427, 267, 320, 306, 259, 392, 261, 260, 329, 393, 396, 425, 310, 391, 402, 394 and 395.

In some configurations, examples of inhibitors of MAPK13 and MAPK14 that can be used to treat cancer can include compounds 260, 329, 393, 396, 425, 310, 391, 402, 394, and 395.

In some aspects, a method of treating cancer can include administering, to a subject in need, a therapeutically effective amount of compound 282

In some aspects, a method of treating cancer can include administering, to a subject in need, a therapeutically effective amount of compound 396

In various configurations, the present teachings include the use of any compound disclosed herein for the treatment of cancer. In some aspects, any compound disclosed herein can be used as an anti-cancer therapeutic. In some aspects, any compound disclosed herein can be used the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer.

In some configurations, the present teachings include methods of treating a respiratory disease in a subject in need thereof. In various aspects, these methods include administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a MAPK13 inhibitor disclosed herein. In various aspects, these methods include administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an inhibitor of MAPK13 and at least one other MAPK, such as, in non-limiting example, a combined inhibitor of MAPK13 and MAPK14.

Non-limiting examples of MAPK13 inhibitors of the present teachings that can be used for treating a respiratory disease include compounds 340, 354, 364, 398, 400, 355, 356, 343, 352, 383, 380, 385, 322, 350, 284, 348 and 336.

Non-limiting examples of an inhibitor of MAPK13 and MAPK14 include compounds 286, 347, 341, 381, 326, 351, 285, 335, 339, 369, 344, 273, 342, 334, 390, 353, 349, 345, 287, 366, 337, 382, 281, 368, 325, 319, 331, 330, 333, 332, 314, 311, 283, 282, 288, 384, 399, 300, 321, 397, 313, 268, 426, 262, 304, 424, 423, 303, 427, 267, 320, 306, 259, 392, 261, 260, 329, 393, 396, 425, 310, 391, 402, 394 and 395.

Non-limiting examples of an inhibitor of MAPK13 and MAPK14 include compounds 260, 329, 393, 396, 425, 310, 391, 402, 394, and 395.

In some aspects a method of treating a respiratory disease in a subject in need thereof can comprise administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of compound 282

In some aspects a method of treating a respiratory disease in a subject in need thereof can comprise administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of compound 396

In various aspects, the respiratory disease can be, without limitation, asthma, rhinitis, sinusitis, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis and a combination thereof.

In some aspects, a compound of the present teachings can be used for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a respiratory disease.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Those of skill in the art will understand that the drawings, described below, are for illustrative purposes only. The drawings are not intended to limit the scope of the present teachings in any way.

FIG. 1 illustrates that MAPK11-14 gene expression is linked to cancers and breast cancer survival.

FIG. 1A illustrates MAPK11-14 mRNA level in normal versus tumor tissue for indicated types of cancer.

FIG. 1B illustrates survival rates for breast cancer versus rectal adenocarcinoma patients with low versus high expression of MAPK13 mRNA in tpm.

FIG. 1C illustrates corresponding survival rates in patients with breast cancer with low versus high expression of MAPK14 mRNA.

FIG. 1D illustrates corresponding survival rates in patients with cancer relative to MAPK11-14 mRNA expression.

FIG. 2 illustrates initial identification of compounds that effectively control breast cancer cell growth.

FIG. 2A illustrates the effect of hit compounds with a significant effect on MDA-MB-231 cell number.

FIG. 2B illustrates a dose-response for the most active compounds from screen described in FIG. 2A.

FIG. 3 illustrates that Compound 282 exhibits favorable binding and selectivity.

FIG. 3A illustrates that Compound 43 (BIRB-796) represents the starting point for scaffold hopping to compounds such as Compound 282 to decrease MAPK13 IC₅₀.

FIG. 3B and FIG. 3C illustrate structures of Compound 43 and 282, respectively, bound to MAPK13, illustrating functional targets and DFG-out binding mode.

FIG. 3D illustrates biolayer interferometry (BLI) analysis for slow on-off binding of Compound 282 to MAPK13.

FIG. 3E illustrates structural basis for Compound 282 interactions for MAPK13 with hydrogen-bond and hydrophobic interactions.

FIG. 3F illustrates level of indicated kinase activities remaining after incubation with Compounds 43 and 282 (100 nM) assessed with a custom-kinase panel relevant to cell-based phosphokinase antibody arrays and cancer biology.

FIG. 4 illustrates that Compound 282 blocks breast cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness in vitro.

FIG. 4A presents a scheme for protocol for compound treatment of breast cancer cell lines in culture.

FIG. 4B illustrates a time-course study on the effect on cell number for MAPK14 inhibitor Compound 43 and MAPK13 inhibitor Compound 282 (100 nM) for indicated cell-lines.

FIG. 4C illustrates a corresponding dose-response (1-1000 nM for 3 d) for conditions in FIG. 4A.

FIG. 4D illustrates flow cytometry analysis by PI staining of DNA content using the FlowJo Dean-Jett-Fox (DJF) modeling algorithm to define cell cycle phases for indicated cell lines with vehicle versus Compound 282 (300 nM).

FIG. 4E illustrates quantification of data from FIG. 4D.

FIG. 4F illustrates flow cytometry analysis by BrdU staining for conditions in FIG. 4D.

FIG. 4G illustrates quantification of data from FIG. 4F.

FIG. 4H illustrates levels for cells remaining attached in PMA-treated cell lines with vehicle versus Compound 282 (300 nM).

FIG. 4I illustrates levels of cell migrating across membrane in Boyden chambers. Values represent mean±s.e.m. *P<0.01.

FIG. 5 illustrates that Compound 282 blocks breast cancer growth in vivo.

FIG. 5A illustrates a protocol scheme for treatment.

FIG. 5B illustrates body weights for NOD-SCID mice with MDA-MB-231 cell-line xenograft (Xg) and treatment with vehicle versus Compound 282 (20 mg/kg i.p. twice per d for 14-31 d after Xg implantation.

FIG. 5C illustrates tumor size for conditions in FIG. 5A.

FIG. 6 illustrates structure-based drug design for identifying small-molecule MAPK13 inhibitors.

FIG. 6A illustrates that Compound 43 (BTRB-796) represents the starting point for scaffold hopping to Compound 354 and Compound 396 to improve potency against MAPK13.

FIG. 6B illustrates structure for Compound 43 (by modeling) bound to MAPK13 (by x-ray crystallography) illustrating target regions for drug design and DFG-out binding mode.

FIG. 6C illustrates structural basis for Compound 396 interactions for MAPK13 with hydrogen-bond and hydrophobic interactions.

FIG. 6D illustrates biolayer interferometry (BLI) analysis for slow on-off binding of Compound 396 to MAPK13.

FIG. 6E illustrates a screen for kinase inhibition for Compounds 43 and 396 (0.1 μM).

FIG. 7 illustrates that MAPK13 inhibitors block mucus production in human airway epithelial cells.

FIG. 7A illustrates a protocol scheme for primary-culture of human tracheobronchial epithelial cells (hTECs) under ALI conditions and treatment with or without IL-13 and MAPK13 inhibitor.

FIG. 7B illustrates levels of MUC5AC in apical cell supernatants of hTECs cultured with or without IL-13 (50 ng/ml).

FIG. 7C illustratres MUC5AC levels for conditions in FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B with MAPK14-selective VX-745, MAPK13-selective Compounds 354 and 398, MAPK13/14-selective Compounds 396 and 397), or vehicle control.

FIG. 7D illustrates values for transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and cell viability (using resazurin assay) for Compound 396 for conditions in FIG. 7C. For FIG. 7B, FIG. 7C, and FIG. 7D, values represent mean±s.e.m. for one cell donor. Results are representative of 3 individual donors.

FIG. 8 illustrates that Compound 396 blocks airway inflammation and mucus production in IL-13-challenge and SeV-infection pig models.

FIG. 8A illustrates a pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of Compound 396 in mini-pigs with plasma concentrations determined after oral dose of 2 mg/kg.

FIG. 8B illustrates protocol scheme for IL-13 challenge of right lung segments on Study Days 0 and 14 with BAL sample of right and left lung on indicated Study Days and either vehicle or compound treatment on Study Days 12-17.

FIG. 8C illustrates levels of MUC5AC and CLCA1 in BAL fluid for scheme in FIG. 8B using vehicle control (left column) or Compound 396 (C-396) at 2 mg/kg orally twice per day (right column).

FIG. 8D illustrates corresponding eosinophil counts in BAL for conditions in FIG. 8C.

FIG. 8E illustrates MUC5AC and CLCA1 levels in BAL fluid after Sendai virus (SeV) infection of right lung segments on Study Day 0 and either vehicle or C-396 treatment on Study Days −2 to 21.

FIG. 9 illustrates that Compound 396 blocks airway inflammation and mucus production in respiratory-virus-infection mouse model.

FIG. 9A illustrates a protocol scheme for respiratory virus infection with Sendai virus (SeV) on Study Day 0 (1×10⁵ pfu intranasally) and vehicle or Compound 396 (C-396) treatment (2 mg/kg intraperitoneally twice per day) on indicated study days with sample analysis of lung tissue at 21 d after infection.

FIG. 9B illustrates body weights for each condition at 0-21 d after infection with SeV or control SeV-UV.

FIG. 9C illustrates levels of indicated mRNA in lung tissue for scheme in FIG. 9A.

FIG. 10 presents a pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of Compound 396 in mice, rats, and dogs.

FIG. 11 illustrates that Compound 396 blocks airway inflammation and mucus production with dose-dependency in an IL-13-challenge pig model.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure is based, at least in part, on the discoveries that novel generation of MAPK13 inhibitors and combined MAPK13-other-kinase (e.g., combined MAPK13-MAPK14 or combined MAPK13-MAPK12) inhibitors have enhanced selectivity, potency and effectiveness regarding MAPK13 and combined MAPK13-other-kinase (e.g., combined MAPK13-MAPK14 or combined MAPK13-MAPK12) inhibitors in controlling respiratory mucus production disease often manifested by respiratory inflammation and mucus production and breast cancer often manifested by cancer cell growth proliferation and invasion.

Described herein are compositions for blocking mucus production and inflammation in respiratory diseases, including asthma, rhinitis, sinusitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis, and in respiratory infections or reactions to other environmental stimuli, and in other disorders of excess mucus secretion at other tissue sites, including breast and gastrointestinal tract.

Described herein are compositions for blocking or preventing cancer, including progression due to epithelial cell growth and migration in carcinomas such as breast cancer.

A MAPK13 inhibiting agent or combined MAPK13-other-kinase (e.g., combined MAPK13-MAPK14 or combined MAPK13-MAPK12) inhibiting agent can be an agent or compound that acts as both a MAPK13 inhibitor and as an inhibitor for another kinase such as MAPK14 or MAPK12. In other words, the MAPK13 inhibiting agent can have MAPK13 inhibiting activity and another kinase (e.g., MAPK14 or MAPK12) inhibiting activity. An example of a MAPK13-MAPK14-MAPK12 inhibitor is compound 396. A MAPK13-MAPK14 inhibitor can block mucus production and inflammation. An example of a MAPK13-MAPK12 inhibitor is compound 282. A MAPK13-MAPK12 inhibitor can block cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness.

Alternatively, a MAPK13 inhibiting agent can be combined with one or more MAPK13 inhibiting agents or one or more inhibiting agents for another kinase such as MAPK14 or an unrelated kinase to provide an additive effect on respiratory disease or cancer or other inflammatory or fibrotic or degenerative disease. Such diseases include arthritis, diabetes, and dementia based on existing literature. In the present teachings, compounds are disclosed that have activity as inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). A compound of the present teachings can be highly specific for an individual MAPK, e.g., MAPK13, or can inhibit multiple MAPKs, e.g., MAPK13 and MAPK14. The present teachings also include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, polymorphs, tautomers and stereoisomer of disclosed compounds.

The disclosed compounds have therapeutic uses in the treatment of various diseases, such as, for example, respiratory diseases and cancer.

The present teachings also include methods of synthesizing the compounds, and methods of assaying the compounds for biochemical or biological activity.

The term “prodrug” is used in its broadest sense and encompasses compounds that are converted in vivo to the compounds of the present teachings. Such prodrug compounds include, for example, compounds comprising an ester in place of a free hydroxy group, or an N-oxide in place of ring Nitrogen. Examples of ester prodrugs include alkyl esters, phosphate esters and esters formed from amino acids, such as valine.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable ester” includes biologically acceptable esters of a compound of the present teachings such as sulphonic, phosphonic and carboxylic acid derivatives.

The present teachings include pharmaceutical compositions. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition can comprise any of the compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts solvates, polymorphs, tautomers and stereoisomer thereof described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. An excipient of the present teachings can be any excipient known to skilled artisans, such as, without limitation, an excipient described in Rowe, R. C., et al., Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Fourth Edition, Pharmaceutical Press, 2003. A pharmaceutical composition of the present teachings can include a MAPK inhibitor disclosed herein and an excipient such as, but not limited to, a cyclodextrin, a PEG, a non-ionic surfactant, or an oil.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the present teachings can be prepared by procedures known in the art. For example, the compounds can be formulated into tablets, capsules, powders, suspensions, solutions for parenteral administration including intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration, and into solutions for application onto patches for transdermal application with common and conventional carriers, binders, diluents, and excipients. In various configurations, powder particle size can be within the range of 0.1-50 microns. In various configurations, powder particle size can be 1-5 microns. In various configurations, a powder composition can be administered directly to the lung. In various configurations, a composition can be administered using a dry powder inhaler (DPI) apparatus.

Inert pharmaceutically acceptable carriers useful to form pharmaceutical formulations in accordance with the present teachings include starch, mannitol, calcium sulfate, dicalcium phosphate, magnesium stearate, silicic derivatives, and/or sugars such as sucrose, lactose, and glucose. Binding agents can include carboxymethyl cellulose and other cellulose derivatives, gelatin, natural and synthetic gums including alginates such as sodium alginate, polyethylene glycol, waxes and the like. Diluents useful in the present teachings can include a suitable oil, saline, sugar solutions such as aqueous dextrose or aqueous glucose, and glycols such as polyethylene or polypropylene glycol. Other excipients can include lubricants such as sodium oleate, sodium acetate, sodium stearate, sodium chloride, sodium benzoate, talc, and magnesium stearate, and the like; disintegrating agents including agar, calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, starch, xanthan gum, and the like; and adsorptive carriers such as bentonite and kaolin. Coloring and flavoring agents can also be added to a pharmaceutical formulation.

Methods

Methods and compositions described herein utilize laboratory techniques well known to skilled artisans, and guidance can be found in laboratory manuals such as Sambrook and Russel (2006), Condensed Protocols from Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ISBN 0879697717; Sambrook, J., et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 2001; Spector, D. L. et al., Cells: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1998; Ausubel, F. M., et al., ed., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley Interscience, 2003; Nagy, A., et al., Manipulating the Mouse Embryo: A Laboratory Manual (Third Edition), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 2003; Hedrickson et al., Organic Chemistry 3rd edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1970; Carruthers, W., and Coldham, I., Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis (4th Edition), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 2004; Graham Solomons T. W., et al., Organic Chemistry 9th edition, Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated, 2007. Unless indicated otherwise, chemical descriptions and names follow standards of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), set forth in publications such as “Compendium of Chemical Terminology Gold Book” version 2.3.3. published by IUPAC in 2014. In addition, radicals on organic compounds can be further optionally substituted with one or more groups, which can be independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, hydroxyl, C₁₋₈alkyl ether; C₁₋₈alkyl hydroxyl; amine; C₁₋₈carboxylic acid; C₁₋₈carboxyl; C₁₋₈alkyl amide, C₁₋₈alkyl urea, C₁₋₈alkyl carbamate, C₁₋₈alkyl (e.g., straight chain or branched), optionally containing unsaturation (e.g., alkene or alkyne); a C₂₋₉ cycloalkyl optionally containing unsaturation or one oxygen or nitrogen atom; straight chain or branched C₁₋₈alkyl amine; heterocyclyl; heterocyclic amine; heterocyclic ether; morpholinyl; piperazinyl; pyrrolidinyl, aryl comprising a phenyl; heteroaryl containing from 1 to 4 N, O, or S atoms; unsubstituted phenyl ring; substituted phenyl ring; unsubstituted heterocyclyl; and substituted heterocyclyl, wherein the unsubstituted phenyl ring or substituted phenyl ring or heteroaryl ring can be optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from the group consisting of halogen; cyano; hydroxyl; amide; urea; carbamate; C₁₋₈alkyl ether; C₁₋₈alkyl amide; C₁₋₈alkyl urea; C₁₋₈alkyl carbamate; C₁₋₈alkyl hydroxyl; amine; C₁₋₈carboxylic acid; C₁₋₈carboxyl; straight chain or branched C₁₋₈alkyl, optionally containing unsaturation (e.g., alkene or alkyne); straight chain or branched C₁₋₈alkyl amine, optionally containing unsaturation; a C₂₋₁₀cycloalkyl optionally containing unsaturation or one oxygen or nitrogen atom; straight chain or branched C₁₋₈alkyl amine; heterocyclyl; heterocyclic amine; aryl comprising a phenyl; and heteroaryl containing from 1 to 4 N, O, or S atoms; and the unsubstituted heterocyclyl or substituted heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from the group consisting of halogen; cyano; hydroxyl; C₁₋₈alkyl ether; C₁₋₈alkyl hydroxyl; amine; C₁₋₈carboxylic acid; C₁₋₈carboxyl; straight chain or branched C₁₋₈alkyl, optionally containing unsaturation; straight chain or branched C₁₋₈alkyl amine, optionally containing unsaturation; a C₂₋₁₀cycloalkyl optionally containing unsaturation or one oxygen or nitrogen atom; morpholinyl; piperazinyl; heterocyclyl; straight chain or branched C₁₋₈alkyl amine; heterocyclic amine; and aryl comprising a phenyl; and heteroaryl containing from 1 to 4 N, O, or S atoms. Any of the above can be further optionally substituted.

As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context indicates otherwise. Methods of administration of pharmaceuticals and dosage regimes can be determined according to standard principles of pharmacology well known skilled artisans, using methods provided by standard reference texts such as Remington: the Science and Practice of Pharmacy (Alfonso R. Gennaro ed. 19th ed. 1995); Hardman, J. G., et al., Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Ninth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1996; and Rowe, R. C., et al., Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Fourth Edition, Pharmaceutical Press, 2003. Non-limiting examples of administration methods include oral, i.v., i.m., inhaled, and aerosol. In some configurations, a MAPK inhibitor of the present teachings can be administered in a solution which can be administered by well-established means such as, without limitation, oral administration or by injection; or in a powder, which can be ingested orally or inhaled.

Administration

Without limitation, a MAPK inhibitor of the present teachings can be administered in a dosage range which can be determined using well known methods. A dosage range for administering a MAPK inhibitor of the present teachings can be, for example and without limitation, 5-5000 mg, and can be administered, for example, once per day, twice per day, three times per day, or four times per day.

Agents and compositions described herein can be administered according to methods described herein in a variety of means known to the art. The agents and composition can be used therapeutically either as exogenous materials or as endogenous materials. Exogenous agents are those produced or manufactured outside of the body and administered to the body. Endogenous agents are those produced or manufactured inside the body by some type of device (biologic or other) for delivery within or to other organs in the body.

As discussed above, administration can be parenteral, pulmonary, oral, topical, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, ophthalmic, buccal, or rectal administration.

Agents and compositions described herein can be administered in a variety of methods well known in the arts. Administration can include, for example, methods involving oral ingestion, direct injection (e.g., systemic or stereotactic), implantation of cells engineered to secrete the factor of interest, drug-releasing biomaterials, polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings, microparticles, implantable matrix devices, mini-osmotic pumps, implantable pumps, injectable gels and hydrogels, liposomes, micelles (e.g., up to 30 μm), nanospheres (e.g., less than 1 μm), microspheres (e.g., 1-100 μm), reservoir devices, a combination of any of the above, or other suitable delivery vehicles to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions. Other methods of controlled-release delivery of agents or compositions will be known to the skilled artisan and are within the scope of the present disclosure.

Delivery systems may include, for example, an infusion pump which may be used to administer the agent or composition in a manner similar to that used for delivering insulin or chemotherapy to specific organs or tumors. Typically, using such a system, an agent or composition can be administered in combination with a biodegradable, biocompatible polymeric implant that releases the agent over a controlled period of time at a selected site. Examples of polymeric materials include polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters, polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, polyethylene vinyl acetate, and copolymers and combinations thereof. In addition, a controlled release system can be placed in proximity of a therapeutic target, thus requiring only a fraction of a systemic dosage.

Agents can be encapsulated and administered in a variety of carrier delivery systems. Examples of carrier delivery systems include microspheres, hydrogels, polymeric implants, smart polymeric carriers, and liposomes (see generally, Uchegbu and Schatzlein, eds. (2006) Polymers in Drug Delivery, CRC, ISBN-10: 0849325331). Carrier-based systems for molecular or biomolecular agent delivery can: provide for intracellular delivery; tailor biomolecule/agent release rates; increase the proportion of biomolecule that reaches its site of action; improve the transport of the drug to its site of action; allow colocalized deposition with other agents or excipients; improve the stability of the agent in vivo; prolong the residence time of the agent at its site of action by reducing clearance; decrease the nonspecific delivery of the agent to nontarget tissues; decrease irritation caused by the agent; decrease toxicity due to high initial doses of the agent; alter the immunogenicity of the agent; decrease dosage frequency, improve taste of the product; or improve shelf life of the product.

A therapeutically effective amount of a MAPK13 inhibiting agent (or combination MAPK13 and other kinase inhibiting agent) can be administered at least once per week, at least one per day, at least twice a day, or at least 3 times per day.

Screening

Also provided are methods for screening.

The subject methods find use in the screening of a variety of different candidate molecules (e.g., potentially therapeutic candidate molecules). Candidate substances for screening according to the methods described herein include, but are not limited to, fractions of tissues or cells, nucleic acids, polypeptides, siRNAs, antisense molecules, aptamers, ribozymes, triple helix compounds, antibodies, and small (e.g., less than about 2000 MW, or less than about 1000 MW, or less than about 800 MW) organic molecules or inorganic molecules including but not limited to salts or metals.

Candidate molecules encompass numerous chemical classes, for example, organic molecules, such as small organic compounds having a molecular weight of more than 50 and less than about 2,500 Daltons. Candidate molecules can comprise functional groups necessary for structural interaction with proteins, particularly hydrogen bonding, and typically include at least an amine, carbonyl, hydroxyl, heteroaryl, or carboxyl group, and usually at least two of the functional chemical groups. The candidate molecules can comprise cyclical carbon or heterocyclic structures and/or aromatic or polyaromatic structures substituted with one or more of the above functional groups.

A candidate molecule can be a compound in a library database of compounds. One of skill in the art will be generally familiar with, for example, numerous databases for commercially available compounds for screening (see e.g., ZINC database, UCSF, with 2.7 million compounds over 12 distinct subsets of molecules; Irwin and Shoichet (2005) J Chem Inf Model 45, 177-182). One of skill in the art will also be familiar with a variety of search engines to identify commercial sources or desirable compounds and classes of compounds for further testing (see e.g., ZINC database; eMolecules.com; and electronic libraries of commercial compounds provided by vendors, for example: ChemBridge, Princeton BioMolecular, Ambinter SARL, Enamine, ASDI, Life Chemicals etc.).

Candidate molecules for screening according to the methods described herein include both lead-like compounds and drug-like compounds. A lead-like compound is generally understood to have a relatively smaller scaffold-like structure (e.g., molecular weight of about 150 to about 350 kD) with relatively fewer features (e.g., less than about 3 hydrogen donors and/or less than about 6 hydrogen acceptors; hydrophobicity character x log P of about −2 to about 4) (see e.g., Angewante (1999) Chemie Int. ed. Engl. 24, 3943-3948). In contrast, a drug-like compound is generally understood to have a relatively larger scaffold (e.g., molecular weight of about 150 to about 550 kD) with relatively more numerous features (e.g., less than about 10 hydrogen acceptors and/or less than about 8 rotatable bonds; hydrophobicity character x log P of less than about 5) (see e.g., Lipinski (2000) J. Pharm. Tox. Methods 44, 235-249). Initial screening can be performed with lead-like compounds.

When designing a lead from spatial orientation data, it can be useful to understand that certain molecular structures are characterized as being “drug-like”. Such characterization can be based on a set of empirically recognized qualities derived by comparing similarities across the breadth of known drugs within the pharmacopoeia. While it is not required for drugs to meet all, or even any, of these characterizations, it is far more likely for a drug candidate to meet with clinical successful if it is drug-like.

Several of these “drug-like” characteristics have been summarized into the four rules of Lipinski (generally known as the “rules of fives” because of the prevalence of the number 5 among them). While these rules generally relate to oral absorption and are used to predict bioavailability of compound during lead optimization, they can serve as effective guidelines for constructing a lead molecule during rational drug design efforts such as may be accomplished by using the methods of the present disclosure.

The four “rules of five” state that a candidate drug-like compound should have at least three of the following characteristics: (i) a weight less than 500 Daltons; (ii) a log of P less than 5; (iii) no more than 5 hydrogen bond donors (expressed as the sum of OH and NH groups); and (iv) no more than 10 hydrogen bond acceptors (the sum of N and O atoms). Also, drug-like molecules typically have a span (breadth) of between about 8 Å to about 15 Å.

Salts

In various embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the present teachings can include acid addition salts, base addition salts, and the salts of quaternary amines and pyridiniums. An acid addition salts can be formed from a compound of the present teachings and a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acid including but not limited to hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric, methanesulfonic, toluenesulphonic, benzenesulphonic, acetic, propionic, ascorbic, citric, malonic, fumaric, maleic, lactic, salicylic, sulfamic, or tartaric acids. The counter ion of quaternary amines and pyridiniums can include, for example, chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, phosphate, methansulfonate, citrate, acetate, malonate, fumarate, sulfamate, or tartrate. A base addition salts can include but are not limited to salts such as sodium, potassium, calcium, lithium, magnesium, ammonium and alkylammonium. In some configurations, a salt of a MAPK inhibitor of the present teachings can be, for example and without limitation, a hydrochloride salt, a hydrobromide salt, a tosylate salt, a mesylate salt, a sulfate salt, a bisulfate salt, a fumarate salt, or a maleate salt. Also, basic nitrogen-containing groups can be quaternised with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl and diethyl sulfate; and others. A salt of the present teachings can be made by methods well-known to skilled artisans for example by treating the compound with an appropriate acid or base in the presence of a suitable solvent. I

In some embodiments, a compound of the present teachings can be in crystalline form and/or as a solvate (e.g. hydrate). The term “solvate” as used herein refers to a complex of variable stoichiometry formed by a solute (such as a compound of the present teachings) and a solvent that does not interfere with the biological activity of the solute. Solvents can be, for example, water, ethanol or acetic acid. Methods of solvation are generally known within the art.

Synthesis of Compounds

Procedure A.

5-tert-Butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-ylamine (2). Pivaloylacetonitrile (1) (1.9 g, 15.1 mMol) was placed in a flask with tolylhydrazine hydrochloride (2.4 g, 15.1 mMol) in ethanol (19 mL) and the solution was heated to reflux for 1.5 hr. The solution was concentrated in vacuo until only a small amount of ethanol remained whereupon it was triturated with hexane, allowing it to stir for 1 hr before filtration of the white solid. Pyrazole 2 was isolated as its hydrochloride salt (3.6 g. 1.35 mMol) and was determined to be pure by LC-MS analysis (M+H=230.1).

Procedure B.

(5-tert-Butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-carbamic acid phenyl ester (3). Pyrazole 2 (1.0 g, 4.4 mMol), diisopropylethylamine (684 mg, 5.3 mMol), and DCM (9 mL) were cooled to −10° C. and phenyl chloroformate (750 mg, 4.8 mMol) was added in a single portion. The solution was allowed to warm to 0° C. and stir for 30 min. The solution was partitioned between ether and aqueous sodium bicarbonate and the ether layer was washed with brine. The organic fraction was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and the solvent removed in vacuo. [Alternatively, for less reactive intermediates, the reaction with phenyl chloroformate was performed in DCM solvent in the presence of DIPEA as base.] After workup the residue purified using silica gel chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate (5%-50%)/hexane. Solvent removal afforded the carbamate (3) as a brittle foam (1.46 g) which provided a single peak by LC-MS analysis (M+H=350.3). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.40-7.38 (m, 3H), 7.34 (dd, J=8.4, Hz, 2H). 7.25 (tt, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H) 6.95 (br s, 1H). 6.5 (s, 1H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 9H).

3-Hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-propionic acid benzyl ester (5). Commercially available diol 4 (50 g) and acetonitrile (650 ml) were cooled in an ice-bath and DBU (56.75 g) added. Benzyl bromide (61.85 g) was added over 30 min and the solution was allowed to warm to room temperature and stir for 24 hr. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue diluted with water (600 ml) and stirred in an ice-bath to cause crystallization of the benzyl ester, which was filtered and washed with cold water and then dried by pulling air through the solid. This material was suspended in ether and filtered, washing with ether to obtain pure benzyl ester 5 (52.8 g). A second fraction of benzyl ester was obtained by combining the washings, adding DCM (600 ml) and aqueous 2N hydrochloric acid (100 ml) and extracting. The organic layer was washed with water and then saturated sodium bicarbonate and brine. After drying over sodium sulfate the solvent was removed in vacuo to afford benzyl ester 5 as a solid (25.6 g). LC-MS retention time=3.338 min (M+H=225.2).

3-Methanesulfonyloxy-2-methanesulfonyloxymethyl-2-methyl-propionic acid benzyl ester (6). Benzyl ester 5 (131 g) was placed in a flask with DCM (1000 ml) and DIPEA (170.5 g) and cooled in an ice-bath. Methanesulfonyl chloride (140.7 g) was added slowly and the reaction stirred for 30 min. The solution was extracted with water, aqueous 2N hydrochloric acid, water (2×), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, and brine. Drying over sodium sulfate and solvent removal in vacuo afforded 208.8 g of dimesylate 6 as a viscous liquid in greater than 95% purity. LC-MS retention time=4.486 min (no M+H peak); TLC Rf=0.55 (ethyl acetate/hexane; 1:1).

3-Methyl-thietane-3-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (7). Dimesylate 6 (120.2 g) was placed in a flask fitted with an mechanical stirrer with DMF (1000 ml) and cesium carbonate (154 g) and stirred while cooling in an ice-bath. Potassium thioacetate (36.1 g) was added in portions while maintaining a nitrogen atmosphere and the mixture heated to 60° C. The reaction was maintained overnight while monitoring using HPLC for completion (30 hr). Ice water was added to the mixture followed by ether and the mixture was partitioned, and the organic layer was washed with water (5×) and then dried over sodium sulfate. Solvent removal afforded 73 g of a brown oil that was purified by silica gel chromatography, eluting with a gradient comprised of 2% to 8% ethyl acetate in hexane to obtain 24 g of thiooxetane 7. LC-MS retention time=5.08 min (M+H=223.0); TLC Rf=0.78 (ethyl acetate/hexane; 1:9).

3-(3-Methyl-thietan-3-yl)-3-oxo-propionitrile (8). Potassium t-butoxide (3.78 g) and dry THE (15 ml) were placed into a flask and cooled in an ice-bath. Dry acetonitrile (1.01 g) was added and then thiooxetane 7 (5 g) dissolved in THE (10 ml) was rapidly added with efficient stirring. After 30 min the reaction was complete. Aqueous 2N hydrochloric acid was added and the solution was extracted with ether. The layers were partitioned and the organic layer dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent removed at 50 torr to obtain 5.5 g of a yellow oil which was purified using silica gel chromatography, eluting with a gradient comprised of 0% to 50% ethyl acetate in hexane. Keto-nitrile 8 was obtained as an oil (3.41 g). TLC Rf=0.8 (ethyl acetate/hexane; 1:1).

3-Methyl-oxetane-3-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (11). Commercially available oxetane 9 (17.7 g), (diacetoxyiodo)benzene (111.7 g), acetonitrile (200 ml), and water (200 ml) were cooled in an ice-bath. TEMPO (5.42 g) was added and the solution was stirred overnight at room temperature. The solution was cooled in an ice bath and solid sodium hydroxide (38 g) was added and stirred until dissolved and the solution was washed with ether (2×). The aqueous layer was cooled in an ice-bath and acidified with 12 N hydrochloric acid to pH 3 and then extracted with ether (3×500 ml). The solvent was removed in vacuo to afford the carboxylic acid (10) as a liquid (14 g). Carboxylic acid 10 (9 g) was dissolved in acetonitrile (180 ml) and cooled in an ice-bath. DBU (13 g) was added followed by slow addition of benzyl bromide (14 g) and the solution stirred overnight at room temperature. The solvent was removed in vacuo to reduce volume by one-half and then the residue was partitioned between ether and aqueous 1N hydrochloric acid. The organic layer was washed with water (2×) and dried over sodium sulfate. Solvent removal afforded a brown oil (14.8 g) that was purified using silica gel chromatography, eluting with a gradient comprising 0% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexane. Benzyl ester 11 was obtained (9.7 g). LC-MS retention time=4.25 min (M+H not observed); TLC Rf=0.35 (ethyl acetate/hexane; 1:9).

3-(3-Methyl-oxetan-3-yl)-3-oxo-propionitrile (12). Solid potassium t-butoxide (7.9 g) was placed in a dry flask with THE (35 ml) and cooled in an ice-bath. Dry acetonitrile (2.0 g) was added followed by benzyl ester 11 (9.7 g) in THE (15 ml). The reaction was followed using LC-MS to determine completion and then and aqueous 2N hydrochloric acid was added. The reaction was extracted with DCM (2×150 ml) and the organic layer washed with water and then brine and dried over sodium sulfate. Solvent removal afforded 9.4 g of a pale yellow oil that was purified using silica gel chromatography, eluting with a gradient comprised of 5% to 90% ethyl acetate in hexane to obtain 12 as a pale yellow oil (4.68 g).

Procedure C.

2-Chloro-5-cyclopropyl-phenylamine (14). 5-Bromo-2-chloro-phenylamine (20.9 g, 101.5 mMol) was placed in a flask with cyclopropylboronic acid (11.3 g, 132 mMol), potassium carbonate (75 g, 355 mMol), palladium acetate (1.37 g, 11.34 mMol), and tricyclohexylphosphine (3.41 g, 12.1 mMol). The flask was flushed with nitrogen and toluene (280 mL) and water (70 mL) added with stirring. The slurry was heated to 80° C. and stirred overnight. After cooling, the mixture was filtered through diatomaceous earth and extracted with ether and water. The organic layer was washed 2× with water and dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent removed in vacuo to afford a dark liquid. This was purified using silica gel chromatography, eluting with DCM/hexane (7:93). Solvent removal afforded the title compound as a waxy solid (7.2 g). LC-MS retention time=4.33 min (M+H=168.1); TLC Rf=0.35 (ethyl acetate/hexane; 5:95)

N-(5-tert-Butyl-2-chloro-phenyl)-acetamide (16). N-(3-tert-Butyl-phenyl)-acetamide (15) (28 g, 146 mMol) was placed in a round bottom flask fitted with an overhead stirrer. To this was added N-chlorosuccinimide (20.3 g, 152 mMol), p-toluenesulfonic acid hydrate (13.9 g, 73 mMol), palladium acetate (1.64 g, 7.32 mMol), and toluene (450 mL). The slurry was stirred overnight after which it was diluted with DCM (50 mL) and filtered through diatomaceous earth. The filtrate was washed with 10% aqueous sodium thiosulfate, water (2×), aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2×), and brine, and then dried over sodium sulfate. Solvent removal afforded a yellow-brown solid which was dissolved in hot hexane containing ˜4% DCM and allowed to cool while stirring. The product precipitated as a white solid which was isolated by filtration and then rinsed with more hexane. A second crop was obtained and the solids combined and dried in vacuo to afford 13.3 g of 16 as a white solid. LC-MS retention time=4.479 min (M+H=226.1).

5-tert-Butyl-2-chloro-phenylamine (17). Amide 16 (29.4 g, 130.7 mMol) and potassium hydroxide (43.9 g, 784 mMol) were combined in a flask and water (130 mL) and ethanol (390 mL) added and the mixture refluxed overnight. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue extracted with ether and water. The ether layer was washed with water 3× followed by brine, then dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent removed in vacuo to afford a yellow liquid. This was dissolved in ether/hexane (1:1) and filtered through a short plug (50 mL) of silica gel. Solvent removal afforded 24 g of almost pure 17. This was dissolved in an xs of hydrogen chloride in methanol, followed by removal of the volatiles in vacuo to obtain a solid, which was dissolved in hot methanol (55 mL) and stirred while adding ether (220 mL). The thick powder slurry was eventually cooled to 0° C. and filtered, rinsing with ether. A second crop was also obtained and these were combined and the white solids were dried overnight at 45° in vacuo to afford 50 g of pure 17. LC-MS retention time=4.83 min (M+H=184.1); TLC Rf=0.35 (ethyl acetate/hexane; 10:90).

MAPK Initbitors Inibit Cancer Cells

MAPK13 expression correlates with decreased survival in breast cancer, and MAPK13 gene knockdown and knockout attenuates breast cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo (Wada, M., et al., Oncogene 36:6649-6657, 2017). Moreover, MAPK13 function is independent of estrogen-receptor (ER), progesterone-receptor (PR), or ERBB2/IHER2 status, suggesting relevance to ER-PR-HER2-negative (triple-negative) breast cancers. However, to our knowledge, there were no MAPK13 inhibitors available to test this application (O'Callaghan, C., et al., Int. J. Cell Biol. 2014:1-12).

The inventors are defining a new signal transduction pathway that regulates the formation and function of secretory (mucin-producing) epithelial cells in airway and breast tissues (FIG. 1 ). Key elements of this pathway include IL-13-driven expression and activation of MAPK13 that is required for epithelial progenitor cell differentiation towards mucous cells (typical of airway disease) (Tyner, J. W., et al., J. Clin. Invest. 116:309-321; Kim, E. Y., et al., Nat. Med. 14:633-640, PMCID: PMC2575848.; Alevy, Y., et al., J. Clin. Invest. 122:4555-4568, PMCID: PMC3533556; Byers, D. E., et al., J. Clin. Invest. 123:3967-3982, PMCID: PMC3754239) and epithelial stem cell proliferation (typical of carcinoma). These observations fit with the role of the type 2 immune response in airway disease with mucous cell metaplasia/hyperplasia (Holtzman, M. J., et al., Nat. Rev. Immunol. 14:686-698, PMCID: PMC4782595) and breast cancer with uncontrolled epithelial cell proliferation and invasion (Aspord, C., et al., J. Exp. Med. 204:1037-1047, 2007; Venmar, K. T., et al., Cancer Res. 74:4329-4340, 2010; Park, M. H., et al., Ann Surg Oncol 24:3780-3787, 2017; Gaggianesi, M., et al., Cancer Res. 77:3268-3279, 2017; Miska, J., et al., J. Exp. Med. 215:841-858, 2018; Suzuki, A., et al., Cytokine 75:79-88, 2015), thereby reconciling why two distinct types of disease might be linked with a common control mechanism. Moreover, MAPK13 activation is often localized to basal-like progenitor-stem cells, raising the issue of relevance to basal-like triple-negative breast cancer cells. However, definition of biological significance for MAPK13 function has heretofore been difficult because of the lack of an available small-molecule kinase inhibitor (SMKI) for MAPK13. As developed in the next section, we took the unusual step of building on our biological discoveries to construct a full-spectrum drug discovery program aimed at generating and developing the first MAPK13 inhibitor. We now find that our newest inhibitors are active in airway progenitor epithelial cells to control mucus production and breast cancer cells to control cell proliferation.

The inventors have developed inhibitors that block mucous cell formation safely in vitro (with a cell-based IC50=10 pM) and in vivo (with an orally-dosed pig model). In doing that work, we discovered MAPK13 control of cell proliferation that extended to other types of secretory epithelial cells, notably breast cancer cells. Our data fits with observations that MAPK13 expression correlates with poor prognosis in breast cancer (FIG. 1 ), and MAPK13 gene-knockdown decreases proliferation and invasiveness of breast cancer cells in culture while MAPK13 gene-knockout decreases growth and metastasis of breast cancer in MMTV-PyMT transgenic mice (Wada, M., et al., Oncogene 36:6649-6657, 2017).

FIG. 1 illustrates that MAPK11-14 gene expression is linked to cancers and breast cancer survival. (a) MAPK11-14 mRNA level in normal versus tumor tissue for indicated types of cancer. (b) Survival rates for breast cancer versus rectal adenocarcinoma patients with low versus high expression of MAPK13 mRNA in tpm. (c) Corresponding survival rates in patients with breast cancer with low versus high expression of MAPK14 mRNA. (d) Corresponding survival rates in patients with cancer relative to MAPK11-14 mRNA expression. Boxes with black frame indicate P<0.05. Analysis from GEPIA database at http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn.

The inventors have identified a type 2 immune signaling pathway that requires MAPK13 function, and we proceeded to develop MAPK13 inhibitors that effectively attenuated IL-13-driven transition of airway progenitor epithelial cells towards mucous cell metaplasia/hyperplasia (Tyner, J. W., et al., J. Clin. Invest. 116:309-321; Kim, E. Y., et al., Nat. Med. 14:633-640, PMCID: PMC2575848.; Alevy, Y., et al., J. Clin. Invest. 122:4555-4568, PMCID: PMC3533556; Byers, D. E., et al., J. Clin. Invest. 123:3967-3982, PMCID: PMC3754239, Patel, A. C., et al., Genomics 25:502-513, 2006; Wu, K., et al., J. Exp. Med. 212:681-697, 2015 PMCID: PMC4419356; Gerovac, B. J., et al., Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2018.).

The inventors investigated potential MAPK13 inhibitors with increased potency and selectivity compared to known inhibitors. They established a comprehensive structure-based drug design program encompassing full structural (X-ray crystallography), computational (in silico docking), biochemical (enzymology), kinetic (biolayer interferometry), thermodynamic (ITC), and functional characterization of new MAPK13 inhibitors. The initial strategy was based on scaffold hopping from a MAPK14 inhibitor (Compound 43, also known as BIRB-796), where replacing the bulky naphthalene moiety with the narrower thiazole allowed for a better fit into the more restricted MAPK13 pocket for binding ATP (FIG. 2 a,b ), extending our earlier descriptions of initial compound generation (Alevy, Y., et al., J. Clin. Invest. 122:4555-4568, PMCID: PMC3533556; Byers, D. E., et al., J. Clin. Invest. 123:3967-3982, PMCID: PMC3754239). Co-crystal structures showed that the compounds with this change, such as Compound 89, continue to bind to MAPK13 with the desired DFG-out binding mode that inhibits drug release and thereby results in prolonged engagement and increased efficacy (FIG. 2 a,b ). Subsequent analogs such as Compound 282 incorporated changes particularly in the hinge-binding region to generate structures with the goal of promoting potency and selectivity for a drug with characteristics suitable for oral dosing. In particular, Compound 282 forms potential hydrogen bonds between acetamide-NH and M110 in the hinge region in addition to urea-O with D168 in the DFG region, urea-NH with E72 in the alpha-C-helix, and pyrazol-NH with D168-O as well as three sets of hydrophobic interactions as keys to structure-function for drug design.

Under this strategy, the inventors generated a total of 396 chemical analogs to date. Each of these analogs were checked for physical chemical characteristics based on molecular weight, Lipinski's Rule of 5, partition coefficient (log P), and topological polar surface area (tPSA). Acceptable analogs were assessed for IC50 in MAPK13 and MAPK14 enzyme assays, using inhibition of the closely related MAPK14 as a surrogate for specificity against the broader kinome.

In addition, the compounds were tested for inhibition of IL-13-stimulated mucus formation in primary-culture human and porcine airway epithelial cells as part of our search for blockade of mucous cell metaplasia. In this system, compounds also were assessed for evidence of toxicity based on cell integrity using transepithelial electrical resistance and on cell metabolism using resazurin assay at 21 d of compound treatment. These approaches resulted in a panel of 33 compounds as potent, selective, and nontoxic MAPK13 inhibitors in addition to three compounds with selective MAPK14 inhibition to serve as controls. The therapeutic index for these compounds in the airway epithelial cell assay system, which we define as therapeutic ratio=IC50/lowest concentration exhibiting any decrease in TEER or increase in resazurin value) was always greater than 1000 and generally >10,000. This project has progressed to identify a lead compound that fully blocks IL-13-stimulated mucous cell metaplasia with oral dosing in pigs.

FIG. 2 illustrates Initial identification of compounds that effectively control breast cancer cell growth. (a) Effect of hit compounds (n=13) with a significant effect on MDA-MB-231 cell number out of a compound library (n=428) screened for activity at concentrations of 100 and 300 nM for 3 d. Values represent mean±s.e.m. (b) Dose-response (1-1000 nM for 3 d) for the most active compounds (n=8) from screen described in (a).

Second, the inventors initiated studies of luminal A, ER-positive, HER2-negative MCF-7 and basal-like triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines and found that both lines expresses MAPK13 based on immunostaining (FIG. 3 a ), consistent with PCR-based assays of MAPK13 mRNA levels (Chen, L., Cancer Res. 69:8853-8861, 2009). In addition, we showed that selective and potent MAPK13 inhibitors markedly blocked cell proliferation of these lines based on a DNA-content assay (FIG. 3 b,c and Table 3), with Compound 282 as the most effective in assays of cell-based growth-inhibition (GI₅₀=44 nM) and MAPK13 enzyme-based inhibition (IC50=9 nM). By contrast, selective and potent MAPK14 inhibitors such as Compound 43 caused no decrease in breast cancer cell proliferation (FIG. 3 b,c and Table 3), suggesting that MAPK14 blockade is not sufficient to control breast cancer. The findings were therefore consistent with our proposal that MAPK13 inhibition is more relevant to control of epithelial cell proliferation in the setting of type 2 immune responses. Neither MAPK13 nor MAPK14 inhibitor compounds (up to 1 μM) exhibited any evidence of cytotoxicity in cell culture. The inventors also found that IL-13 stimulation of airway epithelial cells resulted in relatively selective and marked activation of MAPK13 and ERK2 using phosphokinase-antibody arrays for MAPK and RTK activation and that IL-13 stimulation of MDA-MB-231 cells caused significant increases in cell proliferation. These results indicate MAPK13-ERK2 is a candidate pathway for regulating airway and perhaps breast epithelial cell proliferation, the latter even without IL-13.

TABLE 3 Characteristics of hit compounds for blocking MAPK13 and MAPK14 enzyme activity and MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation in culture. MAPK13 MAPK14 MCF-7 MDA- Compound IC₅₀ IC₅₀ ¹ IC₅₀ MB-231 No. (nM) (nM) (nM) IC₅₀ ¹ _((nM)) 43 500 5 >1000 >1000 282 9 129 44 45 283 8 139 85 71 331 11 202 87 79 332 18 193 65 92 391 6 6 99 78 394 9 5 65 121 395 11 4 88 76 ¹IC₅₀ = compound concentration for 50% decrease in cell number at 3 d in culture

FIG. 3 illustrates the inventor's design plan for Compound 282 that exhibits favorable binding and selectivity. (a) Compound 43 (BTRB-796) represents the starting point for scaffold hopping to compounds such as Compound 282 (with modifications in magenta) to decrease MAPK13 IC50. (b) Structures of Compound 43 and 282 bound to MAPK13 illustrating functional targets and DFG-out binding mode. (c) Biolayer interferometry (BLI) analysis for slow on-off binding of Compound 282 to MAPK13. (d) Level of indicated kinase activities remaining after incubation with Compounds 43 and 282 (100 nM) assessed with a custom-kinase panel relevant to cell-based phosphokinase antibody arrays and cancer biology.

The inventors also tested Compound 282 against the same MAPK and RTK substrates present on the phosphokinase-antibody array and other kinases relevant to breast cancer (e.g., focal adhesion kinase). FIG. 4 illustrates that compound 282 blocks breast cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness in vitro. (a) Scheme for protocol for compound treatment of breast cancer cell lines in culture. (b) Time-course for MAPK14 inhibitor Compound 43 and MAPK13 inhibitor Compound 282 (100 nM) effect on cell number for indicated cell-lines. Values represent mean±s.e.m. (c) Corresponding dose-response (1-1000 nM for 3 d) for conditions in (a). Values represent mean±s.e.m. (d) Flow cytometry analysis by PI staining of DNA content using the FlowJo Dean-Jett-Fox (DJF) modeling algorithm to define cell cycle phases for indicated cell lines with vehicle versus Compound 282 (300 nM). (e) Quantification of data from (d). (f) Flow cytometry analysis by BrdU staining for conditions in (d). (g) Quantification of data from (f). Values=mean±s.e.m. *P<0.01. (h) Levels for cells remaining attached in PMA-treated cell lines with vehicle versus Compound 282 (300 nM). (i) Levels of cell migrating across membrane in Boyden chambers. Values represent mean±s.e.m. *P<0.01. The results show that Compound 282 exhibited a high degree of selectivity for MAPK13 inhibitory activity (FIG. 4 ), consistent with a primary role for MAPK13 function in breast cancer.

Third, the inventors pursued additional development of Compound 282 as a lead candidate for breast cancer, finding first that Compound 282 exhibited acceptable results in rat, pig, and human liver microsomal stability assays and CACO-2 cell permeability assays. Moreover, Compound 282 possesses acceptable characteristics for oral dosing based on PK analysis of intravenous dosing at 0.5 mg/kg and oral dosing at 2 mg/kg in rats (FIG. 5 ). At this oral dose, Compound 282 achieves plasma concentrations (C_(max)=0.8 μM) that exceed the levels required for full control of cancer cell growth in culture. FIG. 5 illustrates that compound 282 blocks breast cancer growth in vivo. (a) Body weights for NOD-SCID mice with MDA-MB-231 cell-line xenograft (Xg) and treatment with vehicle versus Compound 282 (20 mg/kg i.p. twice per d for 14-31 d after Xg implantation. (b) Tumor size for conditions in (a). Values=mean±s.e.m. *P<0.01 (n=8 mice per group). These results thereby support Compound 282 as the best performing of our chemical analogs and provide for at least one back-up lead (Compound 331) with similarly acceptable attributes for function (Table 3) and ADME and PK characteristics. No toxicity was observed in the in vivo PK experiments for any of the MAPK13 inhibitor compounds or in mucus blocking experiments that have tested doses as high as 20 mg/kg given orally twice per day for 7 d.

MAPK Inhibitors can be Used to Treat Respiratory Diseases

Chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD have emerged as leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the U.S. and worldwide. Moreover, there is growing recognition that serious forms of these diseases are linked to inflammatory mucus obstruction of the airways (Hogg, J. C. et al., N. Eng. J. Med. 350, 2645-2653 (2004); Hogg, J. C. et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176, 454-459, doi:200612-1772OC [pii] 10.1164/rccm.200612-1772OC [doi] (2007); Kuyper, L. M. et al. Am J Med 115, 6-11 (2003); Groneberg, D. A. et al.; Histopathology 40, 367-373 (2002)). However, there are no specific and effective therapies to attenuate airway mucus production.

The inventors identified a novel pathway for mucus production that includes IL-13 activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 (MAPK13) and downstream induction of mucin MUC5AC and its mucin granule companion CLCA1 as signatures of mucous cell metaplasia and mucus formation (Alevy, Y. et al., J. Clin. Invest. 122, 4555-4568 (2012); Patel, A. C. et al., Physiol. Ge-nomics 25, 502-513 (2006)). This combination of events was defined in airway epithelial cell culture and viral-infection mouse models but was also detected in patients with excess mucus production due to COPD and asthma (Alevy, Y. et al., J. Clin. Invest. 122, 4555-4568 (2012); Byers, D. E. et al. J. Clin. Invest. 123, 3967-3982 (2013)). However, to the inventors' knowledge, no specific, potent, and safe MAPK13 inhibitors are yet available. The inventors have discovered and developed small-molecule MAPK13 inhibitors to block inflammatory mucus production in respiratory airway disease and further define the role of MAPK13 in regulating epithelial stem cell and mucous cell function.

Structure-Based Drug Design Yields Potent MAPK13 Inhibitors

Determination of MAPK13 structure suggested that a well-characterized MAPK14 inhibitor (BIRB-796; Compound 43 in our series) could be modified to create a new MAPK13 inhibitor (FIG. 6 a ). The inventors have identified compounds that are potent inhibitors of MAPK13 versus MAPK14, MAPK14 versus MAPK13, and both MAPK13 and MAPK14 (Tables 4-6), with particularly favorable values represented by Compound 354 for MAPK 13 versus MAPK14 inhibition and Compound 396 for combined MAPK13 and MAPK14 (MAPK13-14) inhibition (FIG. 6 a ). Structure determinations of analog-MAPK13 co-crystals confirmed DFG-out binding mode (FIG. 6 c ) that predicts slow dissociation kinetics and consequent high potency and long duration of action. Indeed, we detected extremely slow on- and off-rates (hours) for Compound 396 based on bio-layer interferometry (FIG. 6 d ), similar to Compound 43 binding to MAPK14. In addition, an initial kinome screen for relevant airway epithelial cell targets showed that Compound 396 exhibited selective inhibition of MAPK13-14 and closely related MAPK11-12 (FIG. 6 e ), and a subsequent broader screen showed that only 4% of 400 kinases with >90% inhibition at 0.1 μM. Together, the results identified Compound 396 as an ideal lead candidate based on enzyme inhibition, binding, kinetics, and kinome selectivity, and fit with a strategy to block MAPK13-14 for down-regulation of both alternative type 2 and conventional immune responses that drive inflammatory airway disease.

In FIG. 6 , Structure-based drug design identifies a small-molecule MAPK13 inhibitor. (a) Compound 43 (BIRB-796) represents the starting point for scaffold hopping to Compound 354 and Compound 396 to improve potency against MAPK13 (changes indicated in magenta). (b) Structure for Compound 43 (by modeling) bound to MAPK13 (by x-ray crystallography) illustrating target regions for drug design and DFG-out binding mode. (c) Structural basis for Compound 396 interactions for MAPK13 with hydrogen-bond and hydrophobic interactions indicated with red-dashed lines. (d) Biolayer interferometry (BLI) analysis for slow on-off binding of Compound 396 to MAPK13. (e) Screen for kinase inhibition for Compounds 43 and 396 (0.1 μM). Values represent mean±s.e.m.

MAPK13 Inhibitors Block Mucus Formation in Human Airway Epithelial Cells

Compound 396 (and other analogs) were also assessed for inhibition of inflammatory mucus production using human tracheobronchial epithelial cells (hTECs) under air-liquid interface primary-culture conditions with IL-13-dependent induction of MUC5AC mucin formation (FIG. 7 a,b ). This analysis identified MAPK13 inhibitors with high potency (IC50<0.1 nM for MUC5AC blockade) and low toxicity (cell therapeutic index (CTI)>1,000) where CTI=ratio of IC50 to the lowest compound concentration to decrease monolayer integrity (using trans-epithelial electrical resistance, TEER) or cell metabolism (using resazurin assay) (Table 7). Moreover, MAPK14 inhibitors such as Compound 401 (VX-745) 22 showed no significant inhibition of MUC5AC production, whereas MAPK13 inhibitors such as Compound 354 and 398 and combined MAPK13-14 inhibitors such as Compound 396 and 397 achieved marked attenuation of MUC5AC production at concentrations that caused no cell toxicity (FIG. 7 c ). Similar results were found for comparable cultures of porcine tracheobronchial epithelial cells (pTECs) (Table 8). For Compound 396, IC50 values ranged from 0.05-0.009 among three human donors but were no different for IL-13 versus IL-4 stimulation of hTECs (data not shown), thereby demonstrating blockade against both of these cytokines at least via the Type II IL-4R (IL-13R). Initial data suggests that lower IC50 values for mucus compared to enzyme inhibition may be due to increased intracellular concentrations of these compounds with multiday treatment (data not shown), consistent with slow-on-off kinetics.

In FIG. 7 , MAPK13 inhibitors block mucus production in human airway epithelial cells. (a) Protocol scheme for primary-culture of human tracheobronchial epithelial cells (hTECs) under ALI conditions and treatment with or without IL-13 and MAPK13 inhibitor. (b) Levels of MUC5AC in apical cell supernatants of hTECs cultured with or without IL-13 (50 ng/ml). (c) MUC5AC levels for conditions in (a,b) with MAPK14-selective VX-745, MAPK13-selective Compounds 354 and 398, MAPK13/14-selective Compounds 396 and 397), or vehicle control. (d) Values for transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and cell viability (using resazurin assay) for Compound 396 for conditions in (c). For (b,c,d), values represent mean±s.e.m. for one cell donor. Results are representative of 3 individual donors. (e) Western blot of hTECs after control (Ctl) or MAPK gene knockdown using indicated CRISPR/Cas9 lentivirus vectors. (f) Levels of MUC5AC in apical cell supernatants of hTECs cultured with or without IL-13 (50 ng/ml) using MAPK gene knockdown conditions in (e) with or without treatment with Compound 396 (100 nM) for 21 d. Values represent mean s.e.m. * P<0.05.

TABLE 7 Compound efficacy for blocking MUC5AC mucin formation in IL-13-stimulated hTEC cultures Compound # MUC5AC IC₅₀ (Nm) Cell Therapeutic Ratio 282 0.019 52,631 354 0.008 125,000 396 0.005 200,000 397 0.002 500,000 398 0.004 250,000 399 0.004 250,000 400 0.003 333,333 401 >1000 >1 ¹IC₅₀ = compound concentration that causes 50% decrease in MUC5AC level from IL-13 versus no IL-13 treatment at 21 d in culture. ²Ratio of IC₅₀ for MUC5AC inhibition to initial concentration exhibiting any decrease in TEER or resazurin assay value.

TABLE 8 Compound efficacy for blocking MUC5AC mucin formation in IL-13-stimulated pTEC cultures. Compound # MUC5AC IC₅₀ (nM)¹ Cell Therapeutic Ratio² 43 Pending Pending 282 0.022 45,454 354 0.289 >3,460 396 0.420 2,381 397 1.000 1,000 398 0.281 >3,558 399 0.263 3,802 400 0.010 >10,000 401 >1000 >1 ¹IC50 = compound concentration that causes 50% decrease in MUC5AC level from IL-13 versus no IL-13 treatment at 21 d in culture. ²Ratio of IC₅₀ for MUC5AC inhibition to initial concentration exhibiting any decrease in TEER or resazurin assay value.

Compound 396 Blocks Airway Mucus Production in Pigs

The inventors extended their studies of MAPK13 inhibitors to studies of excess mucus production in vivo. To refine compound selection, the candidate compounds from enzyme-based and cell-based inhibition experiments were subjected to analysis of in vitro ADMET and physical chemistry attributes and then in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics. ADMET studies of liver microsome stability (for rat, mini-pig, dog, and human) and Caco-2 cell permeability as well as physical chemical attributes indicated favorable characteristics for a subset of compounds that again included Compound 396 (Tables 9, 10). Further testing demonstrated extremely favorable PK characteristics for Compound 396 (Tables 11, 12), with dosing at 2 mg/kg achieving plasma concentrations (>100 nM) for at least 8 h (FIG. 8 a ) that inhibit mucus production in hTEC and pTEC cultures (FIG. 7 c ). Additional PK analysis showed favorable characteristics of Compound 396 in rat and dog with intravenous (i.v.) and oral dosing as well as mouse with i.v., oral, and intraperitoneal (i.p.) dosing (FIG. 6 ).

In FIG. 8 , Compound 396 blocks airway inflammation and mucus production in IL-13-challenge and SeV-infection pig modela. (a) Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of Compound 396 in mini-pigs with plasma concentrations determined after oral dose of 2 mg/kg. (b) Protocol scheme for IL-13 challenge of right lung segments on Study Days 0 and 14 with BAL sample of right and left lung on indicated Study Days and either vehicle or compound treatment on Study Days 12-17. (c) Levels of MUC5AC and CLCA1 in BAL fluid for scheme in (b) using vehicle control (left column) or Compound 396 (C-396) at 2 mg/kg orally twice per day (right column). (d) Corresponding eosinophil counts in BAL for conditions in (c). (e) MUC5AC and CLCA1 levels in BAL fluid after Sendai virus (SeV) infection of right lung segments on Study Day 0 and either vehicle or C-396 treatment on Study Days −2 to 21. For (c,d), each plot represents values for 3 lung segments for 3 pigs, and for (e), 3 segments for 2 pigs. *P<0.01. Values represent mean±s.e.m.

Based on these combined results, Compound 396 was selected for blockade of mucus production in pigs in vivo. For this purpose, we developed a model of airway inflammation and mucus production whereby Yucatan mini-pigs undergo cytokine challenge using recombinant porcine IL-13 delivered to specific right lung segments (in caudal and accessory lobes) via flexible fiber-optic bronchoscopy on two separate occasions (Study Days 0 and 14) with response monitored in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples (FIG. 8 b ). This approach demonstrated that IL-13-challenge caused reproducible increases in MUC5AC and its mucin granule companion CLCA1 with no difference between the first and second challenge and therefore no effect of vehicle treatment on the second challenge (FIG. 8 c , left column). In contrast, these markers of mucus production were significantly decreased by treatment with Compound 396 at 2 mg/kg given orally twice per day for the second challenge (FIG. 8 c , right column). In addition to decreases in mucus production, treatment with Compound 396 also significantly attenuated the influx of eosinophils and neutrophils into the airspace (FIG. 8 d ), consistent with blockade of IL-13 induction of chemokine production. Anti-mucus and anti-inflammatory effects were decreased at 0.2 mg/kg and were preserved at 20 mg/kg dosing (FIG. 7 ). No adverse effects (e.g., change in animal behavior, appetite, body weight, vital signs, gastrointestinal and urinary function, and complete blood count) were observed at any of these doses of the compound.

The inventors next determined whether Compound 396 might also block mucus production in response to respiratory viral infection in the pig model. For these experiments, pigs were infected with Sendai virus (SeV), which is a natural pathogen in this species. Indeed, infection with SeV via bronchoscopy resulted in at least 1×10⁴-fold increases in viral titer for 7 d and a consequent increase in MUC5AC and CLCA1 levels in BAL samples (FIG. 8 e ). Moreover, the post-viral increases in MUC5AC and CLCA1 were significantly attenuated by treatment with Compound 396 at 2 mg/kg orally twice per day (FIG. 8 e ). Treatment did not cause any change in viral titer and did not result in any detectable side effects (as noted above) despite more prolonged dosing (23 d).

Compound 396 Blocks Airway Mucus Production in Mice

The inventors investigated whether Compound 396 can provide therapeutic benefit in a second preclinical species, particularly in mice where we established a model of chronic inflammatory mucus production after SeV infection. As noted above, delivery of Compound 396 with i.p. administration of 2 mg/kg resulted in plasma concentrations that block MAPK13 activity in enzyme assay and mucus production in airway epithelial cell culture (Tables 4-8 and FIG. 7 c ). Accordingly, the inventors developed a protocol to determine the effect of Compound 396 at 2 mg/kg given i.p. twice daily either 2 d before or 10 d after SeV infection followed by analysis of lung tissue samples (FIG. 9 a ). Neither dosing regimen caused any detectable effect on behavior or weight in uninfected mice or any change in clinical signs or weight loss that develop after SeV infection (FIG. 9 b ). Despite similar acute infectious illness, the usual increases in Muc5ac and Clca1 mRNA were fully blocked in mice treated with Compound 396 starting 2 d before infection compared to vehicle control (FIG. 9 c ). Moreover, these endpoints were also significantly attenuated even when treatment was delayed until 10 d after SeV infection (FIG. 9 c ). Treatment also significantly decreased the induction of Aqp3, Krt5, and Trp63 mRNA, which are markers of basal-ESCs in this model (FIG. 9 c ), consistent with an effect of MAPK13 inhibition on ESC expansion that begins at 8 d and peaks at 12 d after infection and is restricted to a specific basal-ESC subset based on single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq). These findings suggest that MAPK13 inhibition corrects ESC reprogramming to prevent the downstream type 2 immune response. Indeed, initial data suggests that Compound 396 treatment (either starting at −2 d or 10 d after infection) blocks induction of Il33, Il13, and Arg1 mRNA expression (FIG. 9 c ), which are markers of the type 2 immune response in this model. Thus, similar to the pig model, Compound 396 markedly attenuates inflammation and mucus production and other key aspects of the epithelial and type 2 immune response underlying airway disease, including ESC reprogramming to more fully and permanently correct the susceptibility to inflammatory mucus production.

In FIG. 9 , Compound 396 blocks airway inflammation and mucus production in respiratory-virus-infection mouse model. (a) Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of Compound 396 in mice, rats, and dogs with plasma concentrations determined after oral dose of 2 mg/kg. (b) Protocol scheme for respiratory virus infection with Sendai virus (SeV) on Study Day 0 (1×105 pfu intranasally) and vehicle or Compound 396 (C-396) treatment (2 mg/kg intraperitoneally twice per day) on indicated study days with sample analysis of lung tissue at 21 d after infection. (c) Body weights for each condition at 0-21 d after infection with SeV or control SeV-UV. (d) Levels of indicated mRNA in lung tissue for scheme in (a). Each plot represents values from 10 mice. *P<0.01. Values represent mean±s.e.m.

FIG. 10 presents a Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of Compound 396 in mice, rats, and dogs. Plasma concentrations were determined after intravenous, intraperitoneal, or oral dosing (2 mg/kg).

FIG. 11 shows that Compound 396 blocks airway inflammation and mucus production with dose-dependency in an IL-13-challenge pig model. Protocol scheme for IL-13 challenge of right lung segments on Study Days 0 and 14 with BAL sample of right and left lung on indicated Study Days and either vehicle or compound treatment on Study Days 12-17 is the same as FIG. 3 . Levels of MUC5AC in BAL fluid during treatment with vehicle control (left column) or Compound 396 (C-396) at 0.2-20 mg/kg orally twice per day (right column).

Methods

MAPK13 inhibitors. MAPK13 inhibitors were developed as part of an analog series generated with a scaffold hopping strategy as introduced previously. Compounds were reconstituted in DMSO vehicle for cell experiments done in vitro and as a micronized dry powder with lactose carrier for experiments done in vivo. For each preparation, compound purity was verified using LC-MS and NMR. X-ray crystallography and biolayer interferometry were performed as described previously (Huang, P. et al. Lab Chip 15, 3125-3131 (2015)).

Epithelial cell culture. Human tracheal and bronchial epithelial cells (hTECs) were isolated by enzymatic digestion, seeded onto permeable filter supports, and grown as described previously. For the present experiments, cells were cultured in 24-well Transwell plates (6.5-mm diameter inserts, 0.4 μm pore size) from Corning (Corning, N.Y.) with UNC BEGM medium supplemented with Primocin (100 μg/ml, (InvivoGen, San Diego, Calif.), retinoic acid (1×10⁻⁸ M, Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) with or without human IL-13 (10 ng/ml, Peprotech, Rocky Hill, N.J.) under submerged conditions for 2 d and then air-liquid interface conditions for 21 d. Cells were also cultured in the presence or absence of inhibitors or vehicle that were added 2 d before addition of IL-13 and were re-added with each medium change/IL-13 treatment (twice per week). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and resazurin cell metabolism assay (Promega CellTiter Blue) were performed as described previously (Alevy, Y., et al., J. Clin. Invest. 122:4555-4568, PMCID: PMC3533556; Patel, D. A., et al., PloS ONE 7, e36594 (2012)). To assess mucus secretion (versus production), IL-13 was withdrawn from the medium for 2 d, the apical cell surface was washed with DPBS as described previously 33, and either methacholine (20 μM), histamine (20 μM), or ATPgS (100 μM) were added to the apical compartment for 30 min at 37° C. before analysis of apical cell supernatant. All conditions were performed as 3-4 replicates.

ELISA and western blotting. For ELISA, samples were assayed in triplicate on 96-well white half-area flat-bottom ELISA plates (Phenix Research products, Candler, N.C.) after incubation at 37° C. overnight. The assay for MUC5AC was performed using biotin-conjugated mouse anti-MUC5AC mAb as described previously (Alevy, Y., et al., J. Clin. Invest. 122:4555-4568, PMCID: PMC3533556). The assay for N-CLCA1-N was performed using rabbit anti-human CLCA1 (amino acid 33-63) antibody (Abgent) and HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). The assay for C-CLCA1 was performed using mouse anti-human CLCA1 mAb (clone 7D6) (1) and HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Life Technologies). All assay reactions were developed using the GLO substrate kit (R&D Company, Minneapolis, Minn.) and quantified by comparison to a standard curve with recombinant proteins. Western blotting for C-CLCA1 was performed using mouse anti-human CLCA1 mAb (clone 7D6) and for N-CLCA1 using mouse anti-human CLCA1 mAb (clone 8D3) generated as described previously 9.

Immunostaining. Cells were fixed, permeabilized, and treated for epitope retrieval and lung sections were incubated with citrate-based Antigen Unmasking Solution for antigen retrieval as described previously (Alevy, Y., et al., J. Clin. Invest. 122:4555-4568, PMCID: PMC3533556). Immunostaining was performed using mouse anti-MUC5AC biotin-conjugated mAb (clone 45M1, Thermo Fisher Scientific) detected with Alexa-555-conjugated streptavidin (Life Technologies), rabbit anti-human N-CLCA1 (amino acids 33-63) antibody (Abgent) detected with Alexa 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody. All slides were also counterstained Prolong Gold with DAPI (Life Technologies) and then imaged by confocal or conventional microscopy.

Real-time quantitative PCR assay. RNA was purified from lung homogenates and cells using Trizol (Invitrogen) and was converted to cDNA using a High-Capacity cDNA Archive kit (Life Technologies). Target mRNA was quantified by real-time PCR assay using specific fluorogenic probes and primer sets and the Fast Universal PCR Master Mix system (Applied Biosystems). Samples were assayed with the 7300HT Fast Real-Time PCR System and analyzed using Fast System Software (Applied Biosystems). All real-time PCR data was normalized to the level of GAPDH mRNA to correct for variation between samples. Values were expressed as fold-change based on the delta-delta Ct method as described previously 10.

LC-MS-based PK assay. Samples were analyzed on an Agilent 6460 QQQ mass spectrometer in the positive ion mode coupled to an Agilent 1290 LCMS. Samples were injected onto a Synergi (Phenomenex, Torrence, Calif.) 4 u Polar RP 80A column (250v2 mm×4 um) using a flow rate of 0.25 ml/min. The gradient used was as follows: Solvent A 0.1% formic acid was held constant for 1 min at 80% and solvent B (90% acetonitrile in 0.1% formic acid was held constant at 20% for 1 min. Solvent B was increased to 95% by 10 min and then held constant for 3 minutes and then back to 20% by 15 min. The column was allowed to equilibrate for 5 min before starting the next run. The capillary voltage was set to 3500 and the gas temp was set to 300. The gas flow, nebulizer, sheath gas heater and sheath gas flow were set to 5 L/min, 45 psi, 250 and 11 respectively. The fragmentor was set to 80V. The scan range was 75-600 Da. MRM mode identification was performed with collision gas energy of 10V for the following MS/MS transitions (precursor m/z/product m/z): compound 89, 469/256 and 469/214; compound 270, 461/256 and 461/206.

Pig model. Male and female Yucatan pigs (21-25 kg and 7-8 weeks of age) were obtained from Sinclair Research (Columbia, Mo.) and housed in environmentally controlled animal care facilities. Pigs were acclimated for 1 week before experiments. Animal husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Studies Committees of Washington University School of Medicine in accordance with the guidelines from the National Institutes of Health. Pigs were anesthetized using tiletamine/zolasepam (Telazol, 4.4 mg/kg), ketamine (2.2 mg/kg), and xylazine (2.2 mg/kg) administered intramuscularly, intubated with a 6.5-7.0-mm ID endotracheal tube, and maintained under 2-3% isoflurane anesthesia. Pigs were mechanically ventilated using a Drager anesthesia workstation for each challenge procedure. Segmental cytokine challenge was performed on Study Days 0 and 14 using recombinant porcine IL-13 (0.25 mg in 6 ml of PBS) with 2 ml delivered to each of three subsegments (right caudal and accessory lobes) via a fiber-optic bronchoscope (Olympus Model LF-2, 3.8-mm OD). Pigs were maintained with reverse Trendelenberg position for 30 min to prevent drainage from the right lung before anesthesia was discontinued. The subsequent response to IL-13 challenge was monitored in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and cells at Study Days 2, 4, 7, 14, 16, and 18. Controls included samples from three unchallenged subsegments (left caudal lobes) on Study Day 0 and each of the other Study Day sampling times. BAL was performed by instillation and aspiration of 10-ml aliquots of PBS into left and right anterior lung segments. In some experiments, lungs were removed for tissue analysis on Study Days 2 or 16. For treatment, pigs were dosed orally with Compound 396 (0.2-20 mg/kg twice per day) in 10 ml of Ensure nutrition shake or with an equivalent amount of Ensure alone on Study Days 12-17. BAL and tissue samples were processed for ELISA, cell count, staining, and real-time qPCR assay as described above. For respiratory virus infection, Sendai virus (SeV) was delivered in the same manner via bronchoscopy using 1.3×10⁷ pfu in 1 ml of PBS) with 0.7 ml delivered to each of three subsegments and BAL performed with 6-ml aliquots of PBS in each segment.

Mouse model. Male and female wild-type C57BL/6J mice (000664) mice were obtained from The Jackson Laboratory. All mice were maintained and co-housed in a barrier facility using cages fitted with micro-isolator lids. Animal husbandry and experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Studies Committees of Washington University School of Medicine in accordance with the guidelines from the National Institutes of Health. SeV was obtained from ATCC (Sendai/52 Fushimi strain, ATCC VR-105) and prepared and titered by plaque-forming assay and qPCR assay as described previously Kim, E. Y. et al., Nat. Med. 14, 633-640 (2008). Mice were infected with SeV (5×10⁵ viruses based on qPCR assay for viral RNA equivalent to 1×10⁵ PFU based on plaque-forming assay for infectious virus) or EV-D68 (1.5×10⁸ viruses equivalent to 0.5×10⁶ ePFU) as described previously (Zhang, Y. et al., Immunol. 202, 2332-2347 (2019)). Dosing was performing intranasally using SeV in 30 μl of PBS or an equivalent amount of UV-inactivated virus or PBS alone under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia at 6-9 wk of age. Results from male and female mice were pooled since no significant differences were found between sexes as reported initially (van Nunen, M. C. J. & van der Veen, J., Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 22, 388-397 (1967)). and confirmed and confirmed recently (Zhang, Y. et al., Immunol. 202, 2332-2347 (2019)) and in the present experiments (data not shown). Mouse lungs were frozen at −70° C. for homogenization in PBS with a cell disrupter (Mini-Beadbeater-96, Biospec Products) followed by viral plaque-forming assay to track PFU level normalized to gm of lung tissue (recognizing that one mouse lung weighs approximately 100 mg). Viral titers for stock solutions and lung infections were monitored by PCR assay using primers defined previously (Zhang, Y. et al., Immunol. 202, 2332-2347 (2019)).

FACS. Single cell suspensions were generated from minced lung tissue that was subjected to collagenase (Liberase Blendzyme III, Roche), hyaluronidase (Sigma), and DNAse I (grade II, Roche) digestion for 45 min at 37° C. as described previously (Byers, D. E. et al., J. Clin. Invest. 123, 3967-3982 (2013)). Following FcR blockade, lung cell suspensions were incubated with labeled antibodies and were sorted using a Moflo (DAKO-Cytomation) high-speed cell sorter. Nonviable cells were excluded from analysis by AAD staining. NKT cells were immunostained using APC-conjugated PBS-57-loaded mouse CD1d tetramer conjugated provided by the NIH Tetramer Core Facility and PE-conjugated anti-porcine CD3ε mAb as described previously (Kim, E. Y. et al., Nat. Med. 14, 633-640 (2008); Renukaradhya, G. J. et al., J. Clin. Immunol. 31, 228-239 (2011)). Lung monocytes were immunostained using FITC-conjugated anti-porcine CD14 mAb from AbD Serotec as described previously for porcine PBMCs (Fairbairn, L. et al. J. Immunol. 190, 6389-6396 (2013)) and enhanced using anti-PE/Cy7-conjugated anti-human CD-66b mAb from eBiosciences, Flow cytometry results were plotted and analyzed using FlowJo10 software (TreeStar).

Statistical analysis. Unless otherwise stated, all data are presented as mean±SEM, and two-tailed unpaired Student's t test was used to assess statistical significance between means. In all cases, significance threshold was set at p<0.05. All values are representative of at least three experiments.

EXAMPLES

The following non-limiting examples are provided to further illustrate the present disclosure. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples that follow represent approaches the inventors have found function well in the practice of the present disclosure, and thus can be considered to constitute examples of modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

Example 1: Generation of Novel MAPK 13 Inhibitors

We generated new chemical analogs derived from our patented chemical scaffold in a manner that was not described in our initial patent (U.S. Pat. No. 9,187,470). These compounds were found to be more effective inhibitors of MAPK13 at low nM concentrations using an in vitro enzyme activity assay with MAPK13. Some of these compounds were also found to be more selective based relative inhibition of MAPK14 in the same type of assay. We also generated combined MAPK13-other-kinase (e.g., combined MAPK13-MAPK14 and MAPK13-MAPK12) inhibitors to gain additional benefit for anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. In addition, we performed PK analysis of our most promising compounds using oral dosing in rat and pig and demonstrated favorable characteristics for oral dosing in humans. We have also obtained similarly favorable data using in vitro ADMET assays for microsomal stability and Caco-2 cell permeability.

Example 2: Effectiveness of Novel MAPK 13 Inhibitors

We administered our MAPK13 and combined MAPK13-other-kinase (e.g., combined MAPK13-MAPK14) inhibitors to primary-culture human and porcine airway epithelial cells and showed inhibition of IL-13-stimulated mucus production at pM concentrations without evidence of cell toxicity up to pM concentrations. In addition, we have demonstrated effectiveness for blocking inflammatory mucus production without toxicity in a pig and mouse in vivo models. In addition, we have administered these inhibitors to breast cancer cell lines (including hormone-negative and HER2-negative lines) in culture and achieved blockade of cell growth without toxicity using nM concentrations of compounds. We have also demonstrated effectiveness for blocking tumor growth in a mouse in vivo model of hormone-negative-HER2-negative breast cancer.

All publications, patents, patent applications, and other references cited in this application are incorporated herein by reference, each in its entirety for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, patent application or other reference was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Citation of a reference herein shall not be construed as an admission that such is prior art to the present disclosure. 

1.-29. (canceled)
 30. A method for treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I having the structure

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: A is hydrogen or —NH(CO)R²; R² is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, OR³ and NR⁴R⁴; R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl; each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl; J₁ is —CH₂— and is substituted at position 4 on the pyridine; G₁ is thiazole wherein L₁ is CH, L₂ is N, and L₃ is S; Z₁ and Z₂ are each NH; G₂ is pyrazole, isoxazole, or phenyl; E₁ is CH or CR¹ when G₂ is phenyl, or E₁ is NR¹ when G₂ is pyrazole, or E₁ is N or O when G₂ is isoxazole; wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈ alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and halogen; E₂ is N when G₂ is pyrazole, E₂ is N or O when G₂ is isoxazole, or E₂ is CH—CH when G₂ is phenyl; E₃ is C when G₂ is pyrazole, isoxazole, or phenyl; E₄ is CH when G₂ is pyrazole, isoxazole, or phenyl; and M₁ is selected from the group consisting of C and Si; wherein if M₁ is Si, each of M₂ and M₃ is methyl, R⁶ is methyl, and X is absent; wherein if M₁ is C, each of M₂ and M₃ is selected from the group consisting of CH₃ and CH₂, R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of H and C₁₋₈ alkyl, and X is selected from the group consisting of CH₂, O and S, or is absent; wherein if M₁ is C and X is CH₂, O or S, then M₁, M₂, M₃ and X together form a 4-member ring. 31.-42. (canceled)
 43. A method for treating a respiratory disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I having the structure

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: A is hydrogen or —NH(CO)R²; R² is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, OR³ and NR⁴R⁴; R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl; each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl; J₁ is —CH₂— and is substituted at position 4 on the pyridine; G₁ is thiazole wherein L₁ is CH, L₂ is N, and L₃ is S; Z₁ and Z₂ are each NH; G₂ is pyrazole, isoxazole, or phenyl; E₁ is CH or CR¹ when G₂ is phenyl, or E₁ is NR¹ when G₂ is pyrazole, or E₁ is N or O when G₂ is isoxazole; wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈ alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and halogen; E₂ is N when G₂ is pyrazole, E₂ is N or O when G₂ is isoxazole, or E₂ is CH—CH when G₂ is phenyl; E₃ is C when G₂ is pyrazole, isoxazole, or phenyl; E₄ is CH when G₂ is pyrazole, isoxazole, or phenyl; and M₁ is selected from the group consisting of C and Si; wherein if M₁ is Si, each of M₂ and M₃ is methyl, R⁶ is methyl, and X is absent; wherein if M₁ is C, each of M₂ and M₃ is selected from the group consisting of CH₃ and CH₂, R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of H and C₁₋₈ alkyl, and X is selected from the group consisting of CH₂, O and S, or is absent; wherein if M₁ is C and X is CH₂, O or S, then M₁, M₂, M₃ and X together form a 4-member ring. 44.-50. (canceled)
 51. The method of claim 43, wherein the respiratory disease is selected from the group consisting of asthma, rhinitis, sinusitis, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis and a combination thereof. 52.-56. (canceled)
 57. The method of claim 30, wherein the compound is


58. The method of claim 30, wherein the compound is

R² is cycloalkyl.
 59. The method of claim 58, wherein R² is cyclopropyl.
 60. The method of claim 30, wherein the compound is


61. The method of claim 43, wherein the compound is


62. The method of claim 43, wherein the compound is

R² is cycloalkyl.
 63. The method of claim 62, wherein R² is cyclopropyl.
 64. The method of claim 43, wherein the compound is


65. A method of reducing inflammation or reducing mucus production in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I having the structure

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: A is hydrogen or —NH(CO)R²; R² is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, OR³ and NR⁴R⁴; R³ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl; each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl; J₁ is —CH₂— and is substituted at position 4 on the pyridine; G₁ is thiazole wherein L₁ is CH, L₂ is N, and L₃ is S; Z₁ and Z₂ are each NH; G₂ is pyrazole, isoxazole, or phenyl; E₁ is CH or CR¹ when G₂ is phenyl, or E₁ is NR¹ when G₂ is pyrazole, or E₁ is N or O when G₂ is isoxazole; wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₈ alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and halogen; E₂ is N when G₂ is pyrazole, E₂ is N or O when G₂ is isoxazole, or E₂ is CH—CH when G₂ is phenyl; E₃ is C when G₂ is pyrazole, isoxazole, or phenyl; E₄ is CH when G₂ is pyrazole, isoxazole, or phenyl; and M₁ is selected from the group consisting of C and Si; wherein if M₁ is Si, each of M₂ and M₃ is methyl, R⁶ is methyl, and X is absent; wherein if M₁ is C, each of M₂ and M₃ is selected from the group consisting of CH₃ and CH₂, R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of H and C₁₋₈ alkyl, and X is selected from the group consisting of CH₂, O and S, or is absent; wherein if M₁ is C and X is CH₂, O or S, then M₁, M₂, M₃ and X together form a 4-member ring.
 66. The method of claim 65, wherein the compound is


67. The method of claim 65, wherein the compound is

R² is cycloalkyl.
 68. The method of claim 67, wherein R² is cyclopropyl.
 69. The method of claim 65, wherein the compound is 